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Erytrodermatitis (CE), zwana też Carp Furunculosis (Schlotfeld, Alderman 1995) oraz wiosenna wiremia karpi (SVC) uważane były dawniej za jeden zespół chorobowy, zwany posocznicą karpi (septicaemia haemorrhagica cyprinorum). Obie jednostki chorobowe stanowią w kraju istotny problem epizootiologiczny w chowie i hodowli ryb karpiowatych. W pracy przedstawiono aktualne dane z zakresu etiologii, patogenezy, przebiegu klinicznego oraz diagnostyki, a także sytuację epizootiologiczną wraz z metodami zapobiegania i zwalczania.
The IHN virus induces high mortality among fishes, especial rainbow trout fingerlings. This study focuses on the in vitro influence of IHN virus on spleen phagocyte activity and the proliferative response of pronephros lymphocytes stimulated by mitogens ConA and LPS. The results indicate that the IHN virus decreased the metabolic activity (RBA) and potential killing activity (PKA) of spleen phagocytes statistically significantly (P<0.05). A similar pattern was observed in lymphocyte activity, with the IHN virus statistically significantly (P<0.05) decreasing the proliferative response of pronephros lymphocytes stimulated by mitogens ConA and LPS. The results of this study showed that IHN virus suppressed cell-mediated immunity in rainbow trout.
Oxytetracycline (OTC) is an antibiotic used in fish farming in many countries. It is an effective drug against many bacterial diseases occurring in breeding conditions. It is believed that OTC induces immunosuppression in humans and many animal species. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of OTC on the basic functions of Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and European Catfish (Silurus glanis) immune systems. The study used 200 Carp fry (50-100 g body weight) and 200 Catfish fry (80-100 g body weight). The fish were kept in plastic tanks (500-1000 litre capacity) in a water temperature of 20-22°C. OTC was applied by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. The results of the study indicate that OTC induces the suppression of metabolic (Respiratory Burst Activity) and phagocyte function (Phagocyte Killing Activity) in Carp and European Catfish macrophages, as well as increasing the proliferative response of lymphocytes. The alteration dynamics clearly indicate that suppression is temporary. In practice OTC is used in 75-100 mg/kg body weight doses over a couple of days (Carp, Catfish, and Trout). Longer suppression may make the fish susceptible to secondary infections.
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Application of DNA vaccines in fish

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Vaccination is a most cost-effective way of controlling infectious diseases in fish. However, some vaccination techniques when applied to hatchery conditions are not as effective as we expect them to be. Modern molecular biology techniques offer a number of opportunities for improving existing bacterial or viral vaccines or creating new ones. One of the most promising trends in vaccinology is development of DNA vaccination. DNA vaccines are based on the gene encoding specific antigen, which is expressed in vaccinated organism and induces the host immune system. DNA vaccines, compared to conventional vaccines, have many advantages including ability to trigger wider immune response, bigger stability and possibility of large-scale production. To date, there are several reports indicating effectiveness of DNA vaccines used against fish pathogens.
The most sensitive water parameter, and also the most difficult to monitor, is microbial contamination. This is not monitored with respect to the threat it poses to fish. The occurrence in fish environments of strains of pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi, and developmental forms of parasites are particularly dangerous. Any changes that adversely affect fish resistance and decreases it are also beneficial for the reproductive processes of saprophytic flora. The aim of disinfection as a prophylactic method and as a supplemental therapy for fish is to neutralize harmful vegetative microbial forms, particularly pathogenic ones, in the external environment at the beginning of rearing. This method of protecting fish health is of particular significance during intense rearing. Disinfectants that are currently recognized as effective include acidic preparations based on peracetic acid (CIP, Oxim, Steridial). These can be used to bathe eggs, larvae and fish during rearing. In addition to their effectiveness against viruses, bacteria, and fungi, they are also biodegradable and are safe for the environment.
In contrast to terrestrial animals, fish can ingest minerals from food or directly from water. Although micro- and macro-elements are needed in small quantities, they play a key role in many metabolic processes. Trace mineral and macromineral deficiencies may go unnoticed due to an absence of clear clinical symptoms in fish. Absorption processes are determined by various factors, mostly mineral concentrations in water but also other water parameters. The required dietary supplementation of macronutrients and micronutrients is very difficult to determine, and the amount of nutrients absorbed by fish from water is equally difficult to measure. Interactions between elements should also be taken into consideration. Many authors emphasize that phosphates may reduce the absorption of most micronutrients. Also, the current parameters of the water can affect the bioavailability. Some elements such as calcium, chlorine and sodium can be absorbed from ambient water in a quantity sufficient to meet the demand for this element. Other elements, however, require supplementation in a diet. For example, studies indicate the need for supplementation of phosphorus, zinc, copper and manganese. Most research concentrates on feedstuff as a source of micro- and macronutrients. Meanwhile, information concerning bioavailability of minerals directly from water is scarce. The aim of this study was to analyse literature from a different perspective, and concentrate on water as a source of minerals in fish nutrition. Measurements of water parameters such as temperature, pH, nitrate and nitrite levels and the amount of dissolved oxygen are a regular component of environmental control in fish farming. Determination of micro- and macro-element levels, however, remains uncommon in aquaculture. Measurements of these parameters could suggest which elements need to be supplemented and which are found in water in amounts that satisfy the needs of the fish.
The aim of the study was to present the history of ichtyopathology in Poland and the main achievements of researchers who developed this discipline. The pioneer of ichtyopathological research in Poland was the ichtyologist prof. Teodor Spiczakov, founder of the first Fish Diseases Laboratory at the Jagiellonian University (JU) and initiator of fishery veterinary service. After the Second World War, dr Stanisław F. Śnieszko, a researcher from JU, established a laboratory in the United States, renamed the National Fisheries Center in 1977. In writing about the beginnings of ichthyopathology in Poland, one must also mention prof. Bronisław Kocyłowski, founder and head of the Department of Fish Diseases at PIW in Puławy and lecturer at the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS) and Maria Curie Skłodowska University in Lublin. Prof. Eugeniusz Grabda also contributed to the development of ichtyopathology. He headed the Inland Fisheries Institute (IFI), Fish Disease Laboratory and the Department of Ichthyology with the Department of Fish Diseases at the Fishery Department of the Academy of Agriculture and Technology (AAT) in Olsztyn and co-founded the Department of Marine Fisheries at the Agricultural Academy and the Department of Fish Diseases in Szczecin. In Żabieniec near Warsaw, IFI established a new Ichtiohygiene Division, renamed the Division of Pathology and Fish Immunology, formerly headed by prof. Maria Studnicka and now by prof. Andrzej K. Siwicki. Veterinary inspection in Poland is conducted by the Fish Diseases Laboratory at ZHW under the substantive supervision of the National Veterinary Research Institute & National Reference Laboratories at Fish Diseases Unit in Puławy, headed by prof. Jerzy Antychowicz. Currently the Unit is the National Reference Laboratory for the diagnostics of diseases of aquaculture animals, run by prof. Michal Reichert. Prof. J. Antychowicz and dr. Jan Żelazny taught for many years at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the WULS in Warsaw and at AAT in Olsztyn. The Polish Academy of Sciences has a Department of Ichtiopatology and Fishery Management in Gołysz, headed by prof. Andrzej Pilarczyk, who studies the biological basis of fish farming. “Fish diseases” is a mandatory subject at faculties of veterinary medicine in Poland, and every graduate of veterinary medicine possesses a basic knowledge in this field. The Division of Fish Diseases and Biology in Lublin has been operating since 1963 and for many years was headed by prof. Maria Prost, an authority on the parasitology of fish. The current head of the Division is prof. Antonina Sopińska. The Division of Hygiene Veterinary Laboratory and Fish Diseases Laboratory (later Division of Ichtyopathology) at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University af Environmental and Life Sciences were previously headed by prof. Zbigniew Jara, and now by dr Wiktor Niemczuk. At the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, prof. Andrzej K. Siwicki and dr Elżbieta Terech-Majewska run the Fish Disease Laboratory and Veterinary Laboratory for Diagnostics of Fish, Amphibians and Reptiles, carry out scientific research, teach and cooperate with fish farmers.
In the past few years there has been an increase in Poland of IHN virus isolation on rainbow trout farms. Diagnostic studies using biological, immunoassay (ELISA), and molecular (PCR) methods have been performed systematically. Simultaneous intensive study has also demonstrated that the IHN virus has an immunosuppressive effect that causes decreased macrophage and lymphocyte activity in rainbow trout. One method to limit losses caused by the IHN virus is to stimulate the innate antiviral immune response in spawners. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of a new immunostimulator, Bioimmuno II (IRS Olsztyn), which was administered with the feed for 14 days, on the innate cellular and humoral defense mechanisms of rainbow trout spawners. The experiment was performed on 20 female and 20 male rainbow trout. Immunoassays indicated that Bioimmuno II stimulates the innate cellular and humoral mechanisms in females and males. The increased activity of the macrophages and lymphocytes is particularly important, while increased levels of interferon is a very significant element of innate antiviral immunity. The results obtained suggest that Bioimmuno II can be useful in activating the innate antiviral immunity to IHN in rainbow trout spawners.
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