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During germination of winter vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) seeds, the degradation of raffinose family oligosaccharides and galactosyl pinitols occurred faster in axis than in cotyledons. After 7 days of germination, all α-D-galactosides disappeared and the soluble carbohydrates in seedling tissues consisted of D-pinitol, sucrose, fructose, glucose and myo-inositol. Osmotic stress caused by incubation of seedlings in PEG 8000 solution (-0.5, -1.0, and -1.5 MPa) for 48 h induced the activity of crucial enzymes of the RFOs pathway, i.e. galactinol synthase and raffinose synthase, in both the root and epicotyl but not in cotyledons. The root and epicotyl accumulated elevated amounts of galactinol and raffinose as the osmotic potential was lowered. This process was transient because when PEG solution was replaced with water, galactinol and raffinose were degraded, thus confirming their direct involvement in the response of tissues to osmotic stress. Among other soluble carbohydrates, only sucrose accumulated in response to stress. The results did not show potential role of D-pinitol in the adjustment of winter vetch seedlings to osmotic stress.
In this review article we give a brief account of what is known about the changes in lipid composition and content during seed development. Triacylglycerols accumulate in the cell cytoplasm as oil bodies. During seed development the size of the oil bodies remains almost constant and accumulation of triacylglycerols is accompanied by increase in the number of oil bodies within the cell. Many authors have concluded that oil bodies are lipid droplets bounded by one half of normal, tripartite unit membrane. The accumulation of total lipids has been studied in a range of oil seeds including castor bean, crambe, soybean, rape, flax and safflower. Storage lipid accumulation in oil-rich seeds generally occurs in three distinct stages. During the initial stage, before the onset of rapid lipid accumulation, structural lipids (phospholipids and glycolipids) are the predominant lipid component while triacylglycerols are essentially absent. During the second stage, a rapid increase in total lipid is observed. The quantities of phospholipids and glycolipids usually also increase during this period (on a per seed basis) but they constitute only a small proportion (<10%) of the total lipids. By the end of this period triacylglycerols constitute about 90% of total lipids. During the final stage leading to full seed maturity, little change in lipid content occurs. There may also be some loss of phospholipids and glycolipids, especially in seeds that are green during development. This is related to the breakdown of chloroplasts and other organelles.
The ecophysiological regulation of seed dormancy in perennial species and those with a varied life cycle has not been studied in detail yet. That is why an attempt has been made to determine the Cirsium arvense seed water relations during stratification and afterripening at different temperatures and germination at constant or fluctuating temperatures on the basis of the hydrotime model. The obtained results showed that breaking of the primary dormancy of achenes took place only during the first stratification month at moderate temperatures, mainly due to an increase in the average water-stress tolerance in a seed population. The induction of secondary seed dormancy during after-ripening at all temperatures resulted mostly from a substantial loss of the seeds' ability to tolerate water stress. Fluctuating temperatures affected neither seed germination nor the hydrotime model parameters. The analysis of the variations of hydrotime model parameters allows a better understanding of the physiological basis of seed dormancy relief and induction.
n this work the reaction of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Bright Yellow 2 cells on the presence of 500 μM zinc, 500 μM cadmium, 10 μM copper and 5 μM iron was studied. It was confirmed that all tested heavy metals induced in tobacco cell suspension culture early stress response manifested by increased production of hydrogen peroxide. The highest level of hydrogen peroxide was marked in samples containing cadmium ions. This metal was also the most toxic for tested plant material. Less toxic were ions of copper and zinc. Iron ions gave the weakest stress response (probably because of the plant cell peroxidase inhibition).
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