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Kielan, Z., Ziółkowska, B., Falkus, B. and Jethon, Z.: Effect of cadmium intoxication on glucose utilization in energy metabolism of muscles. Acta physiol, pol., 1989,40(5-6): 535-543. The influence of cadmium intoxication on carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscles and liver of the male Wistar rats has been studied. Cadmium was administered as cadmium acetate in a dose of 0.3 mg Cd² /kg body weight for three months. At the same time the control rats were injected with 0.9% NaCl. The animals were decapitated and samples of their skeletal muscles: the soleus muscle (composed mainly of red slow twitch fibers; ST) the gastrocnemius muscle containing two types of fibers (white fast twitch fibers FTb and red fast twitch fibers, FTa) and the liver were dissected out. In the samples of muscles, liver and serum contents of glycogen, glucose, pyruvate and lactate, as well as activities of hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were measured. Intoxication of rats with cadmium for three months resulted in a reduction of glycolytic enzymes in the serum, ST and FTa muscle fibers and in the liver but did not change the activities of glycolytic enzymes in the FTb muscle fibers. The data obtained for the concentrations of glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles suggest different mechanisms of cadmium influence on glycogen utilization in these organs.
The sites of action of antidepressants in the brain responsible for their psychotropic effects are not fully elucidated. Our study was undertaken to compare acute effects of antidepressants representing diverse modes of molecular action on regional brain activity, reflected by expression of immediate-early genes (IEG). In situ hybridization was used to analyze expression of the IEG Fos, Egr1 and Arc in the mouse forebrain after a single injection of tranylcypromine (MAO inhibitor), mianserin (acting on 5-HT, NA and histamine receptors but not on monoamine levels) and tianeptine (with unknown molecular targets). Tranylcypromine and tianeptine produced a widespread IEG induction in the neocortex and striatum (where mianserin down-regulated IEG). The similarity of the tianeptine and tranylcypromine effects suggests that elevation of monoamine levels is an important mechanism by which tianeptine affects forebrain function. Moreover, all three drugs elicited IEG induction in several brain regions implicated in the regulation of mood in humans: anterior cingulate and insular cortex, basolateral amygdala and paraventricular thalamic nucleus. The common activation of these regions by different types of antidepressants suggests that they may be the sites where neuroplastic changes take place upon chronic drug treatment, leading to the long-term psychotropic effect.
Changes in the gene expression produced by drugs of abuse differ depending on whether the drug is self-administered by the subject (contingent administration) or injected to the animals by the experimenter (non-contingent administration). To verify whether expression of the opioid peptide precursors and dopamine receptors depend on the direct pharmacological effect of the drug or refl ect the cognitive processes associated with self-administration of morphine we employed “yoked” self-administration procedure. The experiment was performed on C57BL/6J mice that were trained to self-administer morphine. We used the technique of in situ hybridization to measure the dopamine receptors (D1R and D2R) and opioid propeptide (proenkephalin and prodynorphin) mRNA levels in several brain regions implicated in addiction. Differences in the D1R and D2R gene expression were found in the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens, where an increase of mRNA levels upon active, but not passive morphine administration was observed. No changes in the expression of both opioid propeptide genes were detected in all investigated brain regions of mice receiving contingent or non-contingent morphine injections. The observed increase in the D1R and D2R genes expression suggests that changes in the dopaminergic system may be specifi cally associated with the motivational and cognitive processes underlying self-administration of morphine. Supported by EU grants: LSHM-CT-2007-037669 and LSHM-CT-2004-005166.
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