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Two full copy cDNA sequences encoding chalcone synthase (CHS) were selected from a yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) root and nodule cDNA library, and sequenced. Analysis of their open reading frames gave evidence that both encode the functional enzyme. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic studies on the DNA and protein level of these clones compared to the sequences of chalcone synthases from 54 other plant species reveal the possibility that lupin chalcone synthase is encoded by a multigene family consisting of at least two distinct genes that probably diverged by gene duplication. The duplication event is estimated to have taken place about 16 million years ago.
An investigation of microbial communities able to form biofilms and inhabiting an extreme acid mine drainage (AMD) polymetallic mine with pH ranging from 1.0 to 1.5 was carried out. Presented results concern an abandoned polymetallic mine that has not been studied so far. Geochemical analyses of the sampled area reveals a high concentration of heavy metals – especially arsenic and iron derived from the decomposition of arsenopyrite. Cryo-SEM analyses of hydrated biofilm reveals its structure and composition, showing intact extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) with minerals submerged in an EPS matrix. Thus a direct connection between bacteria and biotransformation of surrounding minerals can be observed. Microbial community analyses were carried out by using the non-cultivated method based on DNA extraction, cloning, sequencing, and molecular phylogenetics. Bioinformatics analyses reveals the presence of bacteria belonging to three phylogenic groups: Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria. The majority of them were characterized as iron-oxidizing bacteria. The information presented in this work is critical to understand which microorganisms are important to AMD production in the studied area and involved in iron and sulfur cycles.
Investigations of bacterial communities and characterization of mineralogy of the environment in the Złoty Stok As-Au deposit werecarried out. PXRD analysis revealed the presence of picropharmacolite as the most common secondary arsenic mineral in the mine. Total DNA was extracted from slime streams or slime biofilms samples to investigate the bacterial communities. PCR amplification of 16S rDNA was performed followed by subcloning of its products. Over 170 clones were analyzed by means of RFLP method. Eight group of clones representing different restriction patterns were identified. The nucleotide sequences of their inserts suggest that bacteria present in the mine environment belong to: Flavobacteria, Sphingobacteriia, Bacteroides, Proteobacteria, Mollicutes and Firmicutes. The metagenomic approach allows to demonstrate a higher diversity of microbiota than classical microbiological studies of cultivable isolates.
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