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This paper reports a study of the visitation of bats to Great Litworowa Cave (1,907 m a.s.l., Tatra Mts., southern Poland) during summer and autumn 1999–2005. A total 5,608 bats representing 11 of Poland's 25 species were captured. Myotis mystacinus predominated. Its activity at all times was high. However, the species composition and number of other bats changed seasonally. Swarming activity lasted between July and November, peaking in late July and August. Nightly activity peaked between 22.00 and 02.00 hrs and then gradually decreased toward dawn. Strong male bias was observed. Myotis mystacinus showed regular changes in sex and age ratios. Rare species such as M. bechsteinii, M. emarginatus, and Vespertilio murinus were recorded. This cave is the highest locality of M. bechsteinii and M. brandtii in Europe. Some behavioural observations including copulation, drinking and daylight activity were recorded. The role of swarming activity is discussed in light of the findings. Some observations suggest that this activity of bats is connected with mating; some other observations provide evidence that the function of swarming is also to facilitate the location of mates and/or to assess suitable hibernacula.
W pracy przedstawiono nowe dane na temat rozmieszczenia nocka łydkowłosego Myotis dasycneme (Boie, 1825) w polskiej części Karpat. W trakcie badań prowadzonych w latach 2005– –2011 w okresie rojenia przy otworach sześciu jaskiń odłowiono 16 osobników tego gatunku (2 samice, 14 samców). Dokonano krytycznego przeglądu danych historycznych o tym taksonie, podsumowano dotychczasowy stan wiedzy na temat jego rozmieszczenia w polskiej części Karpat oraz przedyskutowano status tego gatunku w Karpatach
Bats spend over half of their lives occupying summer and winter roosts. Thus, it is not surprising that roosts play an important role in the ecology of these mammals. The availability and distribution of summer shelters affects the presence of bats, species richness and activity of bats. The aim of the study was to report the effects of using the artificial shelters, namely bat boxes in the Tatra National Park (southern Poland). The use of bat boxes by bats was studied in the 50−years−old oak−beech and spruce stands located in lower and upper forest mountain zone. A total of 101 bat boxes of two models were checked in each area in 2018 and 2019. Seven bat species, i.e. Myotis bechsteinii, M. mystacinus, M. brandtii, Eptesicus nilssonii, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Plecotus auritus and P. austriacus inhabited these artificial shelters. The most frequent were bats from Mystacinus group (mainly M. mystacinus sensu stricto) and P. auritus. The species richness and occupation of the bat boxes situated in the breakdown of tree stand in the spruce forest in lower mountain zone was higher than in the subalpine spruce stand. The sawdust−concrete boxes were preferred by the bats, and frequency of their inhabitation was higher than in case of the wooden boxes.
W artykule opisano rojenie się nietoperzy przy otworze jaskini Dymiąca Piwnica (1337 m n.p.m.). W latach 2008–2010 odłowiono 290 nietoperzy należących do ośmiu gatunków w tym czterech nowych dla Babiogórskiego Parku Narodowego. Przedyskutowano status nowych gatunków nietoperzy dla tego obszaru oraz przedstawiono strukturę dominacyjną rojących się nietoperzy. Wyniki przedstawiono na tle rezultatów badań nietoperzy z innych regionów polskich Karpat
Spinturnix bechsteini Deunff et al., 2004 (Acari: Spinturnicidae) associated with Myotis bechsteinii (Kuhl, 1817) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) is reported for the first time from Poland. The usefulness of some morphological features for differentiating S. bechsteini from other spinturnicid mites belonging to the myoti group was studied. The mite fauna occurring on M. bechsteinii, the only host of S. bechsteini, are very poorly known. In Poland only five species have been found.
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki inwentaryzacji i monitoringu zimowego nietoperzy hibernujących w polskiej części Pienin. W latach 2004–2011 spenetrowano 23 jaskinie i 7 antropogenicznych schronień. W 11 jaskiniach i 3 sztolniach stwierdzono hibernację 753 nietoperzy należących do 9 gatunków. Przedstawiono strukturę dominacji zgrupowań zimujących nietoperzy. Faunę nietoperzy hibernującą w schronieniach zimowych Pienin przedstawiono na tle chiropterofauny zimującej w jaskiniach polskiej części Karpat i Pienin słowackich
During the research concerning the present and postglacial bat fauna of the Polish Tatra Mts, the authors noted some high situated localities of Eptesicus nilssonii. This extends the vertical spectrum of its species occurrence in the Tatras and Central Europe. In winter, the bat reaches alt. 1906 m (the Wielka Litworowa Cave). In summer it was observed at an altitude of up to 2065 m (The Mułowa Pass). The subfossil remains of the northern bat were found at height 1851 m a.s.l. in the Jasny Awen Cave. The Czarna Cave, with 28 individuals, is the most important winter locality of this bat in Poland and the Carpathians.
Spinturnix dasycnemi (Kolenati, 1856), an ectoparasite considered to be specific to rare and local bat species Myotis dasycneme (Boie, 1825), is reported for the first time in the fauna of Poland. Specimens were collected from M. dasycneme at two localities in the north and central parts of the country. In Europe, only two males of that poorly known mite species have been recorded recently from the Netherlands and Slovakia, while spinturnicids from pond bats were identified as S. andegavina and/or S. myoti in most of previous studies. The exact geographic distribution of S. dasycnemi is unknown, mainly due to the possibility of its common confusion with other mite species, but it may occur in all countries hosting populations of M. dasycneme. We show that specimens of both sexes of S. dasycnemi are morphometrically clearly separable from those of S. myoti and S. andegavina, even based on a combination of idiosoma length and dorsal shield length.
Swarming bat activity was monitored at three caves at elevations ranging from 880 m to 1,907 m above sea level in the Carpathian Mountains, using an infrared light barrier with data-logger, a video camera with a night-scope system, and subsequently by mist netting. A total of 6,175 bats of 19 species was captured, and over 70,000 passes through cave openings were registered. Caves differed in bat species richness, sex ratio, abundance of particular species and species composition. Peak species richness was observed in the mid-elevation cave. Bat activity was high in all caves, but declined with increasing altitude. Swarming activity occurred earlier at high elevation than at lower elevations. Activity of boreal-alpine species, such as Eptesicus nilssonii, peaked at the start of the swarming period, that of species typical of lower elevations, such as Myotis emarginatus, peaked in the middle of the swarming season. In a few species, males showed a significant preference for higher altitude caves, in contrast to females. A similar pattern was observed in the proportion of adults to juveniles, which increased with increasing elevation. Our results also suggest that M. brandtii and M. alcathoe were more often encountered at lower elevations, M. mystacinus (sensu stricto) at higher ones.
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