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Vegetation structure in Shahbazgari, District Mardan

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The present work was made to investigate the vegetation structure of shrubs and herbs in research area. Total 48 plant species consisting of 7 shrubs and 41 herbs constructing Cenchrus- Zizyphus-Saccharum community from 9 sites in which 9 communities i.e. Fumaria-Rumex- Xanthium community, Cynodon-Solanum-Sonchus community, Cynodon-Sorghum-Alhagi community, Ajuga- Malvastrum-Calotropis community, Cynodon –Convolvulus-Cyperus community, Ajuga-Saccharum-Chenopodium community, Alhagi-Rumex-Euphorbia community, Saccharum-Cannabis-Xanthium community and Achyranthus-Ajuga-Euphorbia community were found. The contribution of total important values by shrubs was 43.78 and 256.2 by herbs. The soil of the area had better calcium carbonate in the range of (11.72 – 12.99 %), with soil pH (6.45 – 8.11). The EC was found in the range of (0.13-0.22 dS m-1). The concentrations of P and K content were found in the range of (3.54-3.92 mg Kg-1) and (111.21-127.14 mg Kg-1). These results highlight the constant need for long-term ground-based conservation monitoring in combination with satellite-based monitoring of changes in vegetation cover.
The present study documents the ethnomedicinal and conservation status of 91 herbs belonging to 81 genera and 66 families in tehsil Banda Daud Shah during 2012-2013. The information about conservation and ethnobotanical was collected through questioners and personal interviews during fieldwork using the IUCN 2001, Red Data List Categories and Criteria. Among these 36 species were found to be rare, vulnerable (30 species), infrequent (13 species), endangered (8 species) and dominant (4 species). From the present investigation we concluded that most plant species are going to become endangered because the natural vegetation area was change into urbanization.
In this study, the methanol extract of Artemisia scoparia was evaluated for its protective potential against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatic toxicity. Seven groups of mature albino rats were used in the course of the experiment and each group was treated with specific doses of plant extract and CCl₄. Silymarin was used as a standard protective drug. The results of the experiment revealed that Artemisia scoparia plant extract was successful in fighting CCl₄ toxicity as it clearly reduced the elevated levels of liver serum markers (alkaline phosphatase and alkaline aminotransferase), lipid peroxidation, nitrite content, and H₂O₂ on one side while enhancing the levels of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-s-transferase, γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase, and glutathione reductase) and protein content. It also protected DNA from the damaging effects of CCl₄. The findings of this study demonstrate that Artemisia scoparia plant extract plays a significant role in preventing the hepatic damages instigated with CCl₄ and can be used as a protective agent against oxidative stress-associated disorders.
Direct yellow 4 degradation was investigated in the presence of various mediators (p-coumaric acid, 1, hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT), syringaldehyde, vanillin, syringic acid, veratryl alcohol, and pyrocatechol) at pre-optimized conditions of process variables, i.e., pH 5.0, temperature 50ºC, enzyme dose 24 U/mL, and 0.25 mM H₂O₂ concentration. Citrus limon peroxidase (CL-POD) was used for degradation of DY4 dye. In the absence of mediators, the DY4 degradation was 60%, whereas mediators enhanced the POD biodegradation efficiency up to 87%. Among mediators investigated, syringaldehyde showed promising efficiency. We investigated yringaldehyde concentrations in the range of 0.0125-0.5 mM, and 0.025 mM was optimum for maximum dye degradation, which revealed that mediators could be used to enhance the biodegradation of dyes.
The current paper aims to highlight: 1) Major problems due to urbanization, including land cutting, erosion, overgrazing, biodiversity loss, and climate change. 2) The impact of grazing on plant community structure and ecosystem functioning. 3) Management and conservation of natural ecosystems in Sheikh Muhammdi Peshawar. For the current work, three different sites (Zones 1, 11, 111) were selected in the local area. The populations of the local area have increased very rapidly in the last 40 to 50 years. Anthropogenic activities associated with population and industrialization in the district, with vegetation clear for developing of towns and roads, has resulted in the substitution of vegetations with the dark color surface, the temperature of the environments much higher than before, leading to the phenomenon of the urban heat island effect. This urbanization and construction work at Amman plots Sheikh Muhammadi Peshawar is causing the extinction of vegetation and there would be no more wild vegetation in the near future in that particular area.
This paper analyzes a phytosociological study and urbanization in Regi Model Township (RMT) in Peshawar, Pakistan. The study was conducted during spring 2015 and a total of 32 plant species were identified belonging to 19 families. The Asteraceae family had the highest number of species 5 spp. while Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, and Brassicaceae had 3 spp. each. Poaceae and Solanaceae had 2 spp. each, while Plantiginaceae, Malvaceae, and Caryophyllaceae had 1 spp. each. In zone 1, a total of 27 plant species were reported in which the Cynodon-Carthamus-Datura community was established on the basis of the importance value index. The soil of this zone was silty clay loamy in texture with a pH of 8.3, nitrogen 0.017%, phosphorus 7.4%, and organic matter (OM) was (0.34 ppm). In zone 2, a total of 23 plant species were reported, and the Xanthium-Parthenium-Cyperus community was established. The soil in this zone was loamy sandy with pH of 8.1, nitrogen 0.020%,phosphorus 3.1%, and OM 0.04. In zone 3 a total of 21 plants species were reported and the Cynodon-Prosopis-Xanthium community was established. The soil in this community was silty clay loamy having a pH of 8.1, nitrogen 0.034%, phosphorus 4.1%, and OM of (0.068 ppm)%. In zone 4, a total of 13 plant species were recorded and the Xanthium-Lepidium-Amaranthus community was established. The soil in this zone was silty clay loamy with a pH of 8.3, nitrogen 0.029%, phosphorus 6.2%, and OM 0.058%, and similarly in zone 5, a total of 11 plant species were recorded in the area where the Cynodon-Parthenium-Cyperus community was established. The soil in this community was loamy sand having a pH of 8.1, nitrogen 0.002%, phosphorus 3.1%, and OM (0.03 ppm). The construction work at RMT was causing the extinction of vegetation and there would be no more wild vegetation in the near future in that particular area.
As a renewable energy source, microalgae have wide interest as a potential tool to produce biofuel and bioproducts. Prevailing in the local habitat, indigenous microalgae are more successful for wastewater treatment processes. Integrated microalgae-based biofuel and bioproduct production with wastewater treatment is a successful practice of modern research. This report describes the isolation and identification of 61 microalgal strains from lakes, springs, ponds, creeks, and rivers of the gigantic area of Malakand, Pakistan. Our study involves the seasonal existence of Chlorophyta in the area, with most dominant flora identified in the summer season followed by spring, autumn, and winter seasons, respectively. The highest ratio of microalgae was found in stagnant waters followed by slow-running water and running water, respectively. However, algal species were reported from all water bodies throughout the year. Commercially important genera like Chlorella, Scenedesmus, and Chlamydomonas were also reported, attracting the research area for further analysis regarding biofuel, bioproduct production, and simultaneous wastewater treatment.
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