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1

Variations in the anatomy of ansa cervicalis

100%
Mwachaka P. M., Ranketi S. S., Elbusaidy H., Ogeng'o J.
Folia Morphologica
|
2010
|
tom 69
|
nr 3
With the emerging utilisation of ansa cervicalis in nerve reconstructive surgery, it is important for surgeons to be conversant with the anatomy of these nerves. This descriptive cross sectional study aimed at describing the morphology and topographic anatomy of ansa cervicalis. We examined 38 adult human formalin-fixed cadavers. The superior root was present in 38 (100%) cases and 37 (97%) cases, on the right and left sides, respectively. More than half (56%) of these roots were located superior to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. The inferior root, on the other hand, was present in 34 (89.5%) cases on the right side and 31 (81.6%) cases on the left side. Of all the inferior roots, 81.5% were located lateral to the internal jugular vein. The loop was seen in all the cases that had the inferior root, and was mostly (64.6%) located above the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle. Knowledge of the anatomy of ansa cervicalis is not only important for nerve reconstruction surgeries, but also for operations in the neck, so as to avoid injuring the great vessels that are closely related to it. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 3: 160–163)
2

Conventional and variant termination of the portal vein in a black Kenyan population

100%
Munguti J., Awori K., Odula P., Ogeng'o J.
Folia Morphologica
|
2013
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tom 72
|
nr 1
Background: Knowledge of the variant terminations of the portal vein (PV) is important in surgical and interventional radiological procedures of the liver. Their pattern and frequency are important in planning surgery to minimise complications. They differ between populations, but data from Africa is unavailable. The aim of the study is investigate the variant termination of the main PV. Materials and methods: Materials and methods: One hundred livers from adult black Kenyans (age range 35–79 years) were studied at the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi, Kenya by gross dissection. The livers were cleared of blood, fixed with 10% formaldehyde solution, and the venous system infused with acrylate monomers to keep the veins firm. The level of termination relative to the capsule and the branching pattern of the PV were examined. Various patterns were photographed using a digital camera. Data was analysed using SPSS version 16.0 for windows and presented in tables and macrographs. Results: Results: Portal vein termination was extracapsular in 14%, capsular in 40%, and intrahepatic in 46% of examined cases. Variant termination occurred in 49% of cases while conventional bifurcation occurred in 51% of cases. The level of termination of the PV had a positive correlation with its pattern (p = 0.05). Conclusions: The high p Conclusions: revalence of variant termination of PV in the current study suggests that the population is more vulnerable to inadvertent injury during surgery and radiological intervention. Moreover, an extra hepatic termination of the PV is more likely to have a conventional branching pattern compared to an intra-hepatic termination. (Folia Morphol 2013; 72, 1: 57–62)
3

Superficial temporal artery among Kenyans: pattern of branching and its relation to pericranial structures

100%
Mwachaka P., Sinkeet S., Ogeng'o J.
Folia Morphologica
|
2010
|
tom 69
|
nr 1
The superficial temporal artery, one of the terminal branches of the external carotid artery, is used for temporoparietal, parieto-occipital flaps and forehead flaps in reconstructive surgery. The topographic anatomy of this artery exhibits ethnic variations. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the branching pattern of the superficial temporal artery and its relation to specified landmarks in the pericranial region among Kenyans. Sixty superficial temporal arteries from thirty adult cadavers (18 male, 12 female), obtained from the Department of Human Anatomy, were examined during dissection. The number of branches and pattern of branching of the superficial temporal artery was recorded. Specific measurements were taken from the branching point to the lateral canthus, tragus, and midpoint of the arch of the zygoma. Classical bifurcation into a parietal and a frontal branch was seen in 16 (53.3%) cases. Double frontal and double parietal branches were reported in 26.7% and 13.3% of cases, respectively. Only two cases had a trifurcation. The point of origin of the branches in most cases (80%) was above the arch of the zygoma. The mean distance to the midpoint of the arch of the zygoma was 50.8 ± 20.9 mm, to the lateral canthus 58.6 ± 24.3 mm, and to the tragus 44.1 ± 18.5 mm. The branching pattern among Kenyans, therefore, differs from the classical descriptions. A good understanding of the forehead vascularity aids in the design of flaps and minimizes postoperative complications. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 1: 51–53)
4

Sex variations in the structure of human atrioventricular annuli

88%
El-Busaid H., Hassan S., Odula P., Ogeng'o J., Ndung'u B.
Folia Morphologica
|
2012
|
tom 71
|
nr 1
Atrioventricular annuli are important in haemodynamic flexibility, competence, and support for tricuspid and mitral valves. The anatomical features of the annuli, such as circumference, organisation of connective tissue fibres, myocardium, and cellularity, may predispose to annular insufficiency and valvular incompetence. These pathologies occur more commonly in females, although the anatomical basis for this disparity is unclear. Sex variation in the structure of the annuli is important in providing a morphological basis for the patterns of these diseases. This study therefore aimed to determine the sex variations in the structure of human atrioventricular annuli. One hundred and one hearts (48 males, 53 females) obtained from the Department of Human Anatomy of the University of Nairobi were studied. Annular circumferences were measured using a flexible ruler and corrected for heart weight. Results were analysed using SPSS version 17.0 and sex differences determined using student’s t-test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. For light microscopy, specimens were harvested within 48 hours post-mortem, processed, sectioned, and stained with Masson’s trichrome and Weigert’s elastic stain with van Gieson counterstaining. Females had significantly larger annular circumferences than males after correcting for heart weight (p ≤ 0.05). Histologically, myocardium was consistently present in all male annuli while this was absent in females except in one specimen. The annuli were more elastic and cellular in males especially in the annulo-myocardial and annulo-valvular zones, respectively. The corrected larger annular circumference in females may limit heart valve coaptation during cardiac cycle and may be a risk factor for valvular insufficiency. The predominance of myocardium, annular cellularity, and elasticity may be more protective against heart valve incompetence in males than in females. (Folia Morphol 2012; 71: 1: 23–27)
5

Sternal foramina and variant xiphoid morphology in a Kenyan population

76%
El-Busaid H., Kaisha W., Hassanali J., Hassan S., Ogeng'o J., Mandela P.
Folia Morphologica
|
2012
|
tom 71
|
nr 1
Sternal foramina may pose a great hazard during sternal puncture, due to inadvertent cardiac or great vessel injury. They can also be misinterpreted as osteolytic lesions in cross-sectional imaging of the sternum. On the other hand, variant xiphoid morphology such as bifid, duplicated, or trifurcated may be mistaken for fractures during imaging. The distribution of these anomalies differs between populations, but data from Africans is scarcely reported. This study therefore aimed to investigate the distribution and frequency of sternal foramina and variant xiphoid morphology in a Kenyan population. Eighty formalin-fixed adult sterna (42 males [M], 38 females [F]) of age range 18–45 years were studied during dissection at the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi. Soft tissues were removed from the macerated sterna by blunt dissection and foramina recorded in the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The xiphisternal ending was classified as single, bifurcated (2 xiphoid processes with a common stem), or duplicated (2 xiphoid processes with separate stems). Results were analysed using SPSS version 17.0. Foramina were present in 11 specimens (13.8%): 7 M, 4 F. The highest frequency was in the sternal body (n = 9), where they predominantly occurred at the 5th intercostal segment. Xiphoid foramina were present in 2 specimens (both males) (2.5%), while manubrial foramen was not encountered. The xiphisternum ended as a single process in 64 cases (34 M, 30 F) (80%). It bifurcated in 10 cases (5 M, 5 F) (12.5%), and duplicated in 6 cases (4 M, 2 F) (7.5%). There were no cases of trifurcation. Sternal foramina in Kenyans vary in distribution and show higher frequency than in other populations. These variations may complicate sternal puncture, and due caution is recommended. The variant xiphisternal morphology may raise alarm for xiphoid fractures and may therefore be considered a differential. (Folia Morphol 2012; 71, 1: 19–22)
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