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Turkey is the world's largest producer of poppy for legitimate pharmaceutical and consumer pur­poses (24,000 - 99,000 ha in 2000-2010). In Turkey, poppy varieties with white seeds are mainly grown, and harvested seeds are exported to India. In Europe, varieties with blue seeds are more popular, commonly used for consumption purposes. The largest acreage with blue poppy seeds in Europe is located in the Czech Republic (35-70 thousand ha in 2000-2010). The harvested seeds are processed by various branches of the food industry, and the remaining postharvest poppy straw is used by the pharmaceutical industry or, crushed and incorporated into the soil as organic matter. In Poland, the area of poppy cultivation does not exceed one thousand ha. Differentiation in the area of cultivation and production of poppy seed between the Czech Republic and Poland is mainly due to very strict regulations in Poland. Theoretically, the Polish laws are enforced to prevent the spread of drug addiction. Unfortunately, in practice they mainly limit poppy growing area, making it impossible Polish farmers to obtain additional income in the farms.
The paper presents an overview of the current state of art on modern production of winter rape seeds in the Czech Republic and Poland. We have taken into account economic and business con­ditions that shape rapeseed production in both the countries compared to other members of the European Union. We have pointed out the dominant role of new varieties of rape as a carrier of bio­logical progress in the cultivation of oilseed rape. Currently, Polish producers have a greater choice among the registered varieties of winter rape, than the Czech farmers. The essential elements of cultivation technology of winter rape in the Czech Republic and Poland are similar. Average yields of rape seeds obtained in 2014 in the Czech Republic from 1 hectare were 14.5% higher compared to the average rape seed yield in Poland, which reflects the higher production efficiency per area unit there. However, a much larger area of rape production in Poland resulted in 114% higher seed yields in 2014 in Poland than in the Czech Republic.
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