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Transrectal colour Doppler ultrasonography is a useful non-invasive technique used for the assessment of blood flow through the reproductive organ during various cycle phases, pregnancy, and postpartum period. It also provides additional information on physiological and pathological processes in the ovaries and the uterus, which may contribute to the development of new methods for the treatment of reproductive disorders in cattle. The purpose of this work was to present the use of Doppler ultrasonography, which consists in the colour imaging of blood flow through vessels, during the reproduction of cattle. During the oestrus cycle in cows, colour Doppler ultrasonography and the so-called Power Doppler are excellent tools for the assessment of ovarian follicles during the oestrus cycle and of changes during the first 12 weeks after calving. It has also been used to examine the effects of superovulation by measuring the uterine blood flow and its relationship with the steroid hormone level, reaction of ovaries, and the number of embryos obtained in cows. Hormonal stimulation is related to a significant increase in blood flow velocity (BFV) and a reduction in the pulsation index (PI) in uterine arteries, concurrent with the development of numerous follicles and corpora lutea. Colour Doppler techniques can offer useful information for the assessment of corpus luteum (CL) function. Since proper angiogenesis plays an important role in correct CL functioning, research on blood flow volume may provide valuable information on CL physiology and physiopathology. Doppler ultrasonography is also an excellent method for the differentiation of ovarian cysts. The blood flow field in the cyst wall was found to be positively correlated with the progesterone level in blood. Colour Doppler ultrasonography has also been used to investigate the relationship between vascular blood flows inside the uterine horns during pregnancy and the location of the embryo, as well as for the assessment of its development rate on the basis of the endometrial vascularisation index. It has also been found that CL vascularisation increases in the first three weeks of pregnancy, and the assessment of CL parameters between the 5th and the 10th day after insemination could be a valuable method for pregnancy diagnosis as well as a marker for pregnancy loss. The transrectal colour Doppler ultrasonography method considerably accelerates and improves the detection of fertility disorders, which results in direct economic benefits of production.
The aim of this paper is to summarize and present the most recent data concerning the new emerging disease caused by the so-called Schmallenberg virus, which is spreading to new European countries. The disease has already been reported in Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands, France, Spain, Denmark and Switzerland, and more cases are being reported in different regions of these countries each month. The appearance of the virus has resulted in restrictions on the import of live animals, semen and embryos to currently virus-free countries (Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Ukraine, Turkey, Egypt, Kuwait, Lebanon, Algeria, Jordan, Morocco, Japan, Mexico, Argentina and the USA). The virus belongs to the Simbu-group viruses and is believed to be transmitted by vectors (midges, Culicoides). The infection is mild in adult animals (diarrhea, pyrexia, a decrease in milk yield), but causes abortions and fetal malformations (arthrogryposis, brachygnatia inferior, hydrocephalus). Although the Schmallenberg virus infection may result in economic losses, no vaccine has yet been developed. Because of its status as a new emerging disease and its dynamic development, the spread of the disease and the evolution of its epidemiology must be closely monitored and instantly reported.
The case described is meant to exemplify a method of non-invasive treatment of salivary duct cysts (sialocele) in cats as an alternative to a radical resection of the salivary gland. Pathological changes in the head area that veterinary surgeons often have to deal with in their work include inflammatory changes in the oral cavity (stomatitis), gums (gingivitis), and paradontium (paradontitis), as well as injuries of the salivary gland area, which often result from fights and bites. These processes can lead to morbidity of salivary glands or salivary ducts, which are connected with them. Gingivitis, paradontitis, chemical irritation of salivary glands, mechanical injuries, bacterial diseases, as well as individual predispositions can result in sialoliths and cause salivary gland cysts. The following tissue imaging methods are useful in the diagnostics of the above-mentioned diseases: plain X-ray examination, sialogram, and ultrasonic examination of the salivary gland combined with the assessment of its structure. In this case, a cat with a chronic inflammation of salivary glands (sialoadenitis) with salivary gland cysts underwent non-invasive treatment. Sanitation of the salivary fistula, located in the oral vestibule, combined with a course of antibiotics helped evacuate accumulated inflammatory discharge and saliva. The injury of salivary ducts and bacterial inflammation of the gland responded positively to this treatment. Methods used in treating salivary glands include, in most cases, surgical procedures to restore the patency of salivary ducts or to place them inside the oral cavity in order to ensure the outflow of accumulated saliva. In extreme cases, the salivary gland undergoes a complete resection, which, however, involves a greater risk of complications.
Parasites are the most common cause of disease in European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), but prevalence of some invasions was smaller after a dry and hot summer. In the years 2015−2016, which were distinguished by exceptionally high temperature during summer months, the presence of nematodes and protozoa was assessed in the digestive tract of roe deer in western Poland. Studies confirmed that weather conditions may reduce gastrointestinal parasite prevalence in roe deer. In 2016, coccidiosis was not found in the examined species at all and in 2015 – it was rarely recorded. The reason for that could be the oocyst high exposure to sunlight as well as their drying as a consequence of high temperature and low precipitation. Such weather conditions also negatively affect other parasites when they are outside the host. Favourable environmental conditions for parasites probably occur more often in the forest than in the field, hence some gastrointestinal nematodes in the hot period were recorded only in roe deer in forest areas.
The paper presents three cases of side effects of the following veterinary drugs in cattle: 1) inactivated vaccines against IBR/IPV and BVD/MD, 2) a live vaccine against BRSV and/or 3) β-carotene in Carofertin. In the first case, as an effect of a simultaneous intramuscular vaccination of 150 cows with inactivated vaccines against IBR/IPV and BVD/MD, classical allergy sings with urticaria, strong oedema at the injection site and head swelling occurred in 12 (8%) animals. Shortly after anti-inflammatory treatment, all sings disappeared. In the second case, an intranasal inoculation of newly purchased calves with a vaccine against BRSV caused a severe immune depression manifesting itself in a sudden strong diarrhea and death of 18 out of 20 calves (90%) within a few days after vaccination. This may have resulted from the fact that the animals had been vaccinated shortly after transportation, during the adaptation time. In the third case, an intramuscular administration of Carofertin to one cow caused hypersensitivity in the form of urticaria, the swelling of the eyelids and the udder, as well as vulval oedema of the vulvae. Treatment was successful, and all alarming signs subsided. Possible reasons for these rapid reactions are widely discussed.
Lyme borreliosis is the most frequent tick-borne disease in humans, as well as in animals. The main reservoir of its causative agent, Borelia burgdorferi, are small rodents, but other domestic and wild mammals, as well as birds, can also be infected. The most common vector of these bacteria in Poland is the tick, Ixodes ricinus. Owing to significant difficulties of isolation and in vitro cultivation, it is almost impossible to detect this microorganism in a routine bacteriological examination. Because of great variety within the species, B. burgdorferi has been divided into different genospecies, some of which exist in Poland. The most common way for the bacteria to invade the host organism is through a tick bite, but they can also enter from tick feces through damaged skin or transplacentarily or through inhalation. Initially, the bacteria multiply at the site of a tick bite and then migrate to the bloodstream and different organs. The first phase of the disease is erythema migrans, and then such forms as neuroborreliosis, joint involvement, cerebral dural sinus thrombosis or the Alice in Wonderland syndrome can occur. In dogs most of B. burgdorferi infections are symptomless. They usually develop the disease after a reinfection, in which the musculoskeletal system, the neurological system and often the heart are involved. In horses, clinical signs appear very rarely. In the first phase of the disease a long-term antibiotic therapy is of great importance to prevent the occurrence of the chronic form. In dogs, vaccination can be used. Recently, thanks to new diagnostic methods, such as immunoenzymatic assays, flow cytometry and western blotting, the detection of the disease, also in animals, has increased significantly in the last decade. Molecular techniques involving microfluidic systems, the so-called “lab-on-chip” devices, are an early and unambiguous identification method of a B. burgdorferi infection. The aim of this method is to obtain and specifically multiply the desired DNA fragment with PCR. All this happens within an integrated microlaboratory (lab-on-chip) with the use of real-time fluorometric detection.
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