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In the present work hair mineral analysis of 110 individuals was carried out to determine environmental exposure based on the distance from a subject’s residence to a pollutant source. The subjects were asked to fill in a questionnaire concerning their place of living in the city of Wrocław (lower Silesia, Poland), which was divided in 12 sectors. The content of minerals in hair was determined by ICP-OES and ICP-MS technique in a laboratory certified by the Polish Centre for Accreditation and ILAC-MRA (No. AB 696). The results were elaborated statistically. Each person served as the experimental unit. Post-hoc comparisons were made by Tukey's test and the Spjotvoll/Stolin test. Results were considered significantly different when p<0.1. The differences in the content of As were statistically significant between IV-V regions (p=0.0182), IV-VII (p=0.0720), and IV-XII (p=0.0586). In the case of Cd, statistically significant differences were found between II and XII region (p=0.0377). Hair has been found to be a valuable indicator of environmental pollution in Wrocław. The highest content of Al was found in sector VII, As – IV, Cd – II, Hg – VIII, Ni – V, and Pb – IX. The explanation could be the vicinity to a heat and power generating plant and a non-ferrous metals plant or other industrial units, as well as interactions between elements in a human organism. Additionally, statistically significant differences between Ni content (p=0.0591) in hair of males and females were found. These results showed that hair mineral content reflected exposure to elements from the environment.
In the present work, the effects of hair type (weak/strong, greasy/normal/dry, presence of dandruff) and cosmetic treatments (using hair dryer, anti-dandruff shampoos) on hair mineral composition was discussed. The application of hair mineral analysis was exemplified by identification of exposure to elements from deodorants. Hair was sampled from 155 individuals who were asked to fill out a questionnaire. The elemental composition of hair was determined by ICP-OES (macroelements and major microelements) and ICP-MS (minor microelements, toxic elements, and other trace elements). Mercury was analyzed by AAS Mercury Analyzer. The results were elaborated statistically by Statistica 8.0. Statistical significance of differences was detennined by U Mann-Whitney test (p<0.05, p<0.1). For elements, the content of which differed between the groups, the reference ranges were elaborated, as were values within the 10th and 90th percentiles. Healthy and strong hair not dried with a dryer contained statistically significantly more K and La and less Co and Ca than destroyed, weak, dried hair and hair with dandruff. In hair with dandruff, statistically higher levels of Hg were found. The results of hair mineral analysis showed that Zn and Se were deposited on hair cuticle exogenously from medicated anti-dandruff shampoo from active ingredients. This technique was used to assess dermal exposure from deodorants. Individuals who used stiff, which contains the compound Zr as antiperspirant, contained 3 to 5 times higher levels of this element than those who used deo roll-on or spray, respectively.
The aim of the present work was to evaluate the mercury content in hair of inhabitants of Wrocław, in southwestern Poland. On the basis of a questionnaire and analysis of hair by atomic absorption spectroscopy, it was possible to indicate the sources of mercury exposure. The mean mercury level in hair of the whole population (n=321) was 0.203±0.181 mg·kg⁻¹. The content of mercury in hair of subjects who consumed fish exceeded the upper limit of reference value, which was 0.397 mg·kg⁻¹. Subjects who declared consumption of fish, honey, and mouldy cheese, contained statistically more mercury: 60.5%, 35.4%, and 37.8%, respectively, than those who did not eat these types of food. It was noticed that there was no effect from the place of residence, the presence of pollution emitters, gender, age, weight, height, presence of amalgam fillings, hair dyeing, and smoking cigarettes on mercury content in hair.
This paper reports the results of a biomonitoring study of exposure to elements released by water pipes by hair mineral analysis with the consideration of gender. Hair of a population of 117 students living in an urban area in Poland was analyzed for the content of elements by ICP-OES (macroelements) and ICP-MS (micro-, toxic and other trace elements). The participants were grouped according to the material of which water pipes in their households were made (steel, copper, plastic). The population was of uniform age (21-22 years). The mean values and standard deviations of the content of 34 elements were reported for the whole population as well as for other populations and the subgroups. The mean level of the following elements was higher: As, Ba, Bi, Ca, Na, and lower: Hg. Statistically significant differences between the subpopulations for which the grouping variable was the type of tap water pipes were found for the following elements: Fe, Mn, Na, Ti (release order: plastic>steel>copper), Mg (copper>plastic>steel), Ni (plastic>copper>steel). The composition of water (from the same water purification station), from pipes made of different materials: steel, copper and plastic was determined. The release of elements to water was confirmed. The results of biomonitoring study by hair mineral analysis were compared with multielemental analysis of water. Plastic pipes were found to release the highest quantities of elements, which was confirmed by both a biomonitoring study and direct analysis of water: Ni, Ti, Al, Hg, Sn, Mo, Li, Ag, Cu, Sr, B. For copper pipelines both types of analyses showed release of: Ag, Cu, Si, As, and in steel: Zr and Zn. Elements, the level of which depended on sex, were indicated. The content of elements in hair and also the effect of gender were compared with other populations reported in the literature. Additionally, ratios between elements in the present and in various groups were investigated. It was found that the content of alkaline earth metals (Ba, Ca, and Mg) was statistically significantly higher in hair of females than males in almost all the groups. The release of elements with gender as additional grouping variable was confirmed for Ag and As, which were eluted in the highest amounts from copper plumbing, Mn and Si from plastic pipes. Hair of males seemed more appropriate for a biomonitoring study since more statistically significant differences were confirmed. This can be explained with the cosmetic treatment of hair by females.
Исследования выполнили на 42 поросенках, разделенных на 3 подопытные и 3 контрольные группы. Поросятам из подопытных групп вводили зондом внутрижелудочно 0,18% НСl. Ввод кислоты начали в группе I с 3, в группе II с 7, в группе III с 10 дня жизни, а закончили во всех группах в 14 день жизни. Кровь для лабораторных исследований брали на 14 день, а в группе I дополнительно на 7 и 10. В результате проведенных исследований отметили, что увеличение кислотности желудочного сока через ввод НСl может влиять на интенсификацию процессов эритропоэза через лучшее использование железа, а также может уменьшить возможность появления расстройств водноэлектролитного хозяйства. Изменчивость полученных результатов может свидетельствовать о нестабилизированном гомеостазе организма поросят, дополнительно нарушенном очень стрессородным характером эксперимента.
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