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Russian Federation athletics has been plunged into one of the most explosive doping scandal in sporting history [6]. Bearing in mind the history of sport in USSR, it is no great surprise to the authors who detect and fight doping in sport. However, are we able to see a new context if, in thought experiment, we look at, for example, gene doping from the perspective of 2050? Gene or cell doping is defined as the non-therapeutic use of genes, genetic elements and/or cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic performance [7]. It is forbidden since 2004 because it is clear it remains the concern for the health of athletes and the interest to avoid a situation in elite sport where athletes are taking unnecessary risks with their lives [2]. Gene doping may relate to numerous motoric abilities such as muscle growth and maximal power contraction [5], oxygen delivery [8], glucose metabolism [4], etc., but it may also be supported by nanotechnology as well as the use of artificial muscles and blood substitute. Since Samantha West, the American telemarketing computer program who denies in 2013 she is a robot, it should be absolutely clear that the fast-learning neural networks use of chatbots within the field of health promotion has a large potential [1] and at a certain stage of complexity and development they may start to treat humans as their competition. Hawking points out that in the near future AI as well as chatbots may present real danger [3]. It could be hypothesized that in this case the transitional point will be a situation in which a robot will be able to make a decision to “switch off” the human life. Undoubtedly, predictions made by the specialists at AI Robotic Researchers on Hawking’s initiative are very pessimistic in this respect. „In summary, we believe that AI has great potential to benefit humanity in many ways, and that the goal of the field should be to do so. Starting a military AI arms race is a bad idea, and should be prevented by a ban on offensive autonomous weapons beyond meaningful human” [3]. Some experts are of the opinion that it is now that the black scenario as well as whether or not gene doping could play some role in it should be analysed in detail. For example, in the far future it could be a chance in a possible confrontation with super humanoids AI, which, materially, for that matter, puts AI humanoids in a privileged position. Is this perspective absolutely unreasonable? An ignorer would say yes. Being faithful to the idea of purity in sport, we suggest having a debate on the above subject, given the fact how dynamic the technological development with regard to work on AI is.
The search for genes with that positively affect physical fitness is a difficult process. Physical fitness is determined by numerous genes, and its genetic determinants are modified by environmental factors. The map of candidate genes that can potentially affect physical fitness becomes larger every year, and currently it contains more than 200 genes associated with such aspects as respiratory and cardiovascular stability; body build and composition – especially muscle mass and strength; carbohydrate and lipid metabolism; response to training; and exercise intolerance. The inclusion of the genetic component in physiological and biochemical studies would permit drawing a representation of predispositions for each athlete interested in practicing high performance sports and would be a valuable coaching aid in the process of training individualization.
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Molecular basis of malignant hyperthermia

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Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a clinical syndrome in which genetically susceptible individuals respond to the administration of potent inhalation anaesthetics and depolarization skeletal muscle relaxants with skeletal rigidity, unstable blood pressure, tachycardia, arrhythmias, hyperventilation, hypoxia, lactic and respiratory acidosis and high fever. In studies of the genetic basis of MH, a mutation was identified in the porcine (C1843T) and human (C1840T) skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RYR1) gene. This gene is mapped on human chromosome 19q13.1. The RYR1 gene contains 106 exons, of which two arc alternatively spliced.
Physical training can be classified into three main types: endurance, resistance, and patterned movements. The first two of them have a significant impact on muscle phenotype and metabolism while patterned movement exercises concern changes in a motor program in the central nervous system and result in only slight changes in muscle tissue. Adaptation to endurance versus resistance training in most aspects is extremely different. Due to the mutually opposite nature, in classical training systems, endurance and resistance exercises are very often separated. Nowadays, in sport as well as recreation and rehabilitation it is postulated to combine both types of exercises. Because of this, the very important question arises as to how combined workouts including strength and endurance exercises will affect the body. An even more important question concerns the proportions of both types of exercises, their intensity and duration. Therefore, defining safe and effective training systems can be beneficial not only for athletes but also for the prevention of civilization-related diseases and aging effect.
Among the methods that can improve football players’ motor skills, resistance training plays an important role, being one of the components of functional training in which players use their own body weight in all planes of movement. Currently in football, refining motor skills takes place on many levels, for instance, through resistance training. Optimal performance of a specific motor pattern and development of specific dominants such as stability, mobility and neuromuscular coordination increases the chance of improving the level of fitness. While discussing the importance of soccer training, attention was paid to the specific nature of work performed as well as the intensity and volume of applied effort during the broadly understood training process in football. In the aspect of developing motor skills, the role of functional loads in resistance training was emphasized which has a beneficial effect on improving speed, strength, coordination and endurance in football.
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