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DNA methylation is a potent regulator of gene expression. The influence of beta-carotene (BC) and arachidonic acid (AA) on angiogenesis - a new blood vessel formation, was reported. The tyrosine kinase VEGFR-2 receptor (KDR) activation by vascular endothelial growth factor is one of the main angiogenic mechanisms. This study was aimed to investigate a possible role of CpG island methylation on regulation of the pro-angiogenic KDR gene expression after incubation of human endothelial cells with BC and/or AA. Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were incubated with BC (1-10 µM) and/or 3 µM AA for 24 hours. The CpG island methylation was quantified using the COBRA method and restriction enzymes' digestion (NewEngland BioLabs). Intracellular protein concentrations were determined by Western blot analysis using the specific antibodies (Santa Cruz). Results: Incubation with BC and AA, decreased methylation of the KDR promoter region. These results well-correlated with the detected, by qRT-PCR, up-regulation of KDR gene expression by BC (p=0.035) as well as by AA. Incubation with BC (p=0.02) and AA (p=0.0014) increased the KDR protein levels in HUVECs. Conclusion: The changes in CpG island methylation of the KDR the pro-angiogenic gene promoter, represents one of the mechanisms involved in regulation of angiogenic response by BC and AA.
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Mice with the knockout of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS ko) demonstrate symptoms resembling the human metabolic syndrome. NO has been recently demonstrated to be deeply involved in regulation of not only blood flow and angiogenesis, but also in modulation of mammalian basal energy substrate metabolism. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous competitive inhibitor of NOS. The enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) catabolizes ADMA, what leads to increase of endogenous NO bioavailability. This study was aimed to compare the brown (BAT) and white (WAT) adipose tissue gene expression of age matched mice with decreased (eNOS ko) and increased (overexpressing DDAH) endogenous NO generation. The 19 week old eNOS ko mice demonstrated significantly lower weight, higher circulating glucose, insulin, leptin and cholesterol concentrations. The adiponectin as well as fasting triglyceride concentrations were not significantly altered. Animals with DDAH knock in, presented significantly increased angiogenic activity than eNOS ko mice. The microarray analysis pointed to activation of adipogenesis-related genes in eNOS ko mice in WAT, what was in contrast with the inhibition observed in the DDAH overexpressing mice. The angiogenesis related gene expression was down-regulated in both models in comparison to WT animals. This study support the multipotential role of endogenous NO in maintaining homeostasis of energy substrate catabolism.
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