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Ceratophyllum demersum L. is a medical plant of the family Ceratophyllaceae that has been traditionally used for the treatment of diseases such as ulcer, diarrhoea, wounds and fever since ancient times. This study presents antioxidant activities of water and methanol extracts of in vitro propagated C. demersum. Shoot tip explants of C. demersum for in vitro plant regeneration were cultured on liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.25–1.25 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.10 mg/L Thidiazuron (TDZ) combinations for eight weeks. Maximum number of plantlets per explant (110.67) was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 0.75 mg/L BAP + 0.10 mg/L TDZ. In order to determine antioxidant activities of C. demersum, antioxidant contents (β-carotene, flavonoid, lycopene and total phenols), metal chelating and reducing power capacities of methanol and water extracts obtained from C. demersum were investigated. It was detected that water extract was more effective in all activities. Total phenols (76.55 μg/mg) in water extract were measured as the highest antioxidant component. Based on the water extracts data, as IC50 value for chelating on ferrous ions was 9.24 mg/mL, EC50 value for reducing power activity was 8.23 mg/mL. It was also determined that the metal chelating and reducing power activities of the both extracts are increased depending on the concentration. Therefore, all these data suggest that both tested extracts of in vitro propagated C. demersum would exert beneficial effects by virtue of their antioxidant properties and may be utilized as a promising source of therapeutics.
A method is described for the determination of bovine milk in cheeses by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing according to EC reference method on ready-to-use gel plates. The advantages of this method are easy to use handling and good reproducibility by application of ampholytes with high concentration of urea. The method includes (i) recovery of cheese proteins fat and salt free; (ii) hydrolysis of cheese proteins with plasmin; (iii) separation by isoelectric focusing at pH 3–10 of bovine, ovine, caprine and buffalo γ-caseins according to their different isoelectric points and the densitometric evaluation of the electrophoretic bands. With the modification of the reference method the addition of cow milk to samples of goat and goat/ewe milk cheeses was proven.
Background: A narrow internal auditory canal (IAC) is significantly associated with congenital sensorineural hearing loss. It would therefore seem likely that any patient with an IAC measured radiographically to be under the normal range represents an abnormality and probable IAC stenosis. If narrow IAC is diagnosed with routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), then the cochlear nerve may be evaluated with special MRI studies. However, there is no consensus in the literature on the normal measurements of the IAC or on what parameters should be used to determine narrow IAC using MRI. In this study, we aimed to assess the normative size of IAC in normal-hearing ears and to determine whether canal size varies with age and gender using MRI. Material and methods: A retrospective review was undertaken from 2010 to 2012. A total of 7572 normal-hearing ears of 3786 patients were assessed, who had MRI due to various reasons except hearing loss. Patients under 20 years old and over 60 years old were excluded, and the subjects were divided into 4 groups at 10-year intervals. All subjects were divided by gender also. Anteroposterior (AP) and craniocaudal (CC) measurements were obtained in the middle of the IAC on axial and coronal images of 1.5-T MRI. Results: The mean age was 42 years (range 20–60 years). The mean IAC diameters were 5.93 mm with a standard deviation of 0.25 mm (max 6.99 mm, min 4.73 mm) on AP measurements and were 5.70 mm with a standard deviation of 0.26 mm (max 6.82 mm, min 4.71 mm) on CC measurements. There were no differences in the IAC diameters between males and females or with age groups. Conclusions: These measurements should provide a normative reference for comparison in radiographic assessment of any patient with suspected IAC stenosis. This measurement can help the diagnosis of narrow IAC. To our knowledge, this is the first study using MRI with a large group of patients in the literature. (Folia Morphol 2012; 71, 4: 217–220)
In order to ascertain water quality for human consumption, major and minor ions were evaluated in the drinking water supplied to the city of Yozgat and its surrounding villages in Turkey. Standard methods were used for determining of chemical and physical characteristics of the water samples. Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni and Mn contents of the drinking water samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration on Diaion HP-20 resin column. The data showed the variation of the investigated parameters in water samples as follows: pH 6.90-8.13, conductivity (EC) 57.3-694.5 usimens/cm, calcium 15-120 mg/1, magnesium 3-47 mg/1, chloride 11-77 mg/1, bicarbonate 180-701 mg/1, hardness 50-330 mg CaCO3 /I, total alkalinity 150-575 mg/1, Cu 0.17-1.19 μg/l, Fe 16.11-79.30 μg/l, Pb 0.18-0.99 μg/l and Mn 0.15-2.56 μg/l. Nickel concentrations in all the drinking water samples were below the detection limit. The concentrations of investigated parameters in the drinking water samples from Yozgat were within the permissible limits of the World Health Organization drinking water quality guidelines and the Water Pollution Control Regulation of the Turkish authorities.
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