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Alien species are now found all over the world. New fish parasites have been unintentionally introduced with infected alien fish imported for aquaculture or have sometimes spread with their intermediate invertebrate hosts transported in the ballast waters of ships. Four alien fish parasites have been recorded in Polish coastal lakes and lagoons, all parasitising eels. Three were introduced with the final host – the Japanese eel – introduced for aquaculture (Anguillicola crassus, Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae and Pseudodactylogyrus bini) and one (Paratenuisentis ambiguus) with its sole intermediate host (Gammarus tigrinus).
Communities of parasites of European perch from lake Łebsko were studied and compared with similar communities from the Polish coastal zone. Parasites comprised 18 autogenic and 5 allogenic species. Most individual parasites belonged to allogenic species and were in larval stages. The majority of specimens were eye parasites with Tylodelphys clavata as the eudominant species. The dominant species, Acanthocephalus lucii, belongs to the intestine parasite community. Three marine species were found: Bothriocephalus scorpii, Hysterothylacium aduncum and Echinorchynhus gadi. The results indicate that the parasite fauna consists mostly of freshwater species, common in various types of European waters, while marine species were rarely observed.
Paratenuisentis ambiguus, an acanthocephalan originating from North America, is an alien species parasitising the European eel Anguilla anguilla. It was first recorded in Lake Łebsko, on the central coast of Poland. The report gives morphometric measurements of male and female P. ambiguus from this locality. Because of the spread of the intermediate host Gammarus tigrinus and the appearance of new adults in eels along the southern Baltic Coast, P. ambiguus is evidently able to complete its life cycle in Baltic coastal waters.
Nematodes of the genus Anisakis are worldwide distributed marine species parasitized many fish and cephalopod species as larvae and sea mammals as adult form. Anisakiosis as food-borne disease is an important public health problem worldwide. Human become infected by eating raw or undercooked fish or squids. Well documented are gastrointestinal response to infection but increasingly allergic symptoms were observed also after eating well cooked fish. This is because some of allergens of Anisakis are thermostable and resistant to pepsin treatment. Due to a significant increase in human mobility and global transport of fresh products like fish on ice, food-borne diseases require educational campaigns that pay attention to threats in various parts of the world.
Throughout 3 years, a total of 721 various fish species, from the Łebsko Lagoon were examined. The most abundant groups of parasites were Digenea and Crustacea. Metacercariae of Posthodiplostomum cuticola (Nordmann, 1832) were found only in Cyprinidae (highest prevalence in rudd – 62.5%, and mean intensity in roach 12.71 indiv.). Metacercariae of Diplostomum spp. and Tylodelphys clavata (Nordmann, 1832), and also copepods Ergasilus sieboldi Nordmann, 1832 occurred in majority of examined fish species. The highest infection with Diplostomum spp. was noted in rudd (prev. 50.0%, int. 11.25 indiv.). T. clavata occurred with highest prevalence in pike (46.15%) and mean intensity amounted to 54.7 indiv. in perch. E. sieboldi was reported mostly from zander with typical for this fish Achtheres percarum (Nordmann, 1832) (prev. 75.0% and 92.86%; int. 6.0 indiv. and 10.92 indiv. respectively). Also nematode Anguillicola crassus (Kuwahara, Niimi and Hagaki, 1974) was noted with high prevalence 76.47% in eel. The remaining parasites species were noted less frequently.
The three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.) has been a very frequent fish in the Baltic coastal waters. In the Baltic Sea occurred three morphological forms of the three-spined stickleback: trachurus, semiarmatus and leiurus. The distribution and frequency of all forms of the stickleback in the Baltic have been different. The examined sticklebacks were collected from the Gulf of Gdańsk (Gdynia, Puck, Hel) and the mouth of the Dead Vistula (Górki Wschodnie). The studies on the correlation between the morphological forms of the stickleback and parasites’ infestation were carried out. Some species of parasites infected first of all form trachurus or leiurus of the stickleback. Correlation was observed in some of marine parasites like Thersitina gasterostei (Pagenstecher, 1861) (Copepoda) and Gyrodactylus arcuatus (Bychowsky, 1933) (Monogenea), infected generally trachurus form. Freshwater ciliates from the family Trichodina or plerocercoids of Schistocephalus solidus (Müller, 1776) (Cestoda) were found generally on/in form leiurus.
Parasites of pike Esox lucius from freshwater and brackish water in Poland are listed. This checklist summarized data published in Catalogue of Parasitic Fauna of Poland. Part II. Parasites of Cyclostomes and Fish by Jadwiga Grabda and later data from original studies. Parasites are listed alphabetically in higher taxa with their location in host and distribution in Polish waters with references. Parasites belonging to the higher taxa as Protista – 11 records, Myxosporea – 6, Digenea – 17, Monogenea – 2, Cestoda – 9, Nematoda – 7, Acanthocephala – 7, Hirudinida – 5, Mollusca – unidentified glochidia, Crustacea – 6, were found. The most frequently noted parasites have been Azygia lucii, Diplostomum spp., Tylodelphys clavata, Tetraonchus monenteron, Triaenophorus nodulosus, Raphidascaris acus and Ergasilus sieboldi.
This paper analyses the changes in the level of infection with the freshwater parasite Schistocephalus solidus of the three-spined stickleback from the Gdynia Marina. Environmental factors such as salinity, pollution and eutrophication or the presence of other species affect the transmission of parasites. Infection indices have been increasing since the 1990s. Differences in the infection level of morphological forms were also found: this may be due to their environmental preferences.
Metacercariae of Diplostomum spp. have been detected in the eyes (lens, humour and under retina) of many species of fish. Adult forms occure in the intestine of piscivorous birds, mostly Laridae. Eight young black-headed gulls, Larus ridibundus (L.) were infected with eye-flukes from the eyes of three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.): five with flukes from the eye-lenses and three from the vitreous humour of eyes. After few days birds were euthanised with an ether overdose and the intestines were studied. In the intestine of experimentally infected birds were found adult stages of Diplostomum sp.
Seasonal changes of infection were observed in the case of some species of ectoparasites: Trichodina domerguei domerguei, T. tenuidens, Gyrodactylus arcuatus, and Thersitina gasterostei, as well as for endoparasites: Glugea anomala, Schistocephalus solidus, Diphyllobothrium ditremum, and Proteocephalus filicollis. Same seasonal changes in frequency of developmental stages were observed in the case of females T. gasterostei. The highest level of infection with ectoparasites was observed in spring and summer and was probably an effect of increase of the reproductive activity with increase of temperature. Infection with tapeworms was generally low and was a result of feeding activity and fish diet.
Four species, one subspecies and one parasite marked to the genus were collected from the nine-spined stickleback Pungitius pungitius L. from the Gulf of Gdańsk and the mouth of Dead Vistula. Nine - spined stickleback was noted as a new host in Polish coastal water for five parasites: Glugea anomala (Microsporidia), Diplostomum spathaceum (Digenea – metacercariae) and Apatemon sp. (Digenea - incysted metacercariae), Hysterothylacium aduncum (Nematoda - third stage larvae) and Thersitina gasterostci (Copepoda). Earlier in this area have been obserwed only ciliates Tnchodina domerguei.
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