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Five soils differently contaminated by emissions from copper smelters were treated with the organic materials lignite, compost, and sewage sludge. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Pb in soil solutions were measured after different incubation times within 30 days. Speciation of metals in soil solution was determined via modeling with Visual MinteQ. Soil amendment with all organic materials led to a temporary increase of Cu concentrations in soil solutions. Those effects and metal speciation in solutions were highly dependent on the kind of organic amendment that in particular affected pH and dissolved organic carbon concentrations in soils. Applying acidic lignite resulted in the release of free metal ions into the solution, while the application of immature compost led to the formation of metal complexes with soluble organic compounds. Soil amendment with limed, alkaline sewage sludge resulted in a strong increase in Cu concentrations in solutions due to the formation of ammine-Cu complexes. Principal component analysis confirmed that the main factors that determined solubility of metals in the experiment were pH and dissolved organic carbon concentrations in soil solutions. The strongest increase in metal solubility was observed directly after the application of amendments, and afterward the concentrations of metals in soil solutions started to decrease over time.
Soil solutions were collected from soils contaminated differently by the emissions from a copper smelter and incubated with beech litter. Five times in 30 days of incubation, soil solutions were acquired with MacroRhizon samplers and examined using the chemometric approach and two ecotoxicological assays: Microtox with Vibrio fischeri bacteria and Phytotoxkit with Sinapis alba seeds. Copper speciation in soil solutions was modeled in the MinteQ program. Application of beech litter to soils resulted in a considerable increase of copper solubility. The toxicity of soil solutions was associated with total copper concentrations in solutions, copper speciation, and pH values. The toxicity measured by the Phytotoxkit test in soil solutions collected from non-amended soils was higher than that measured in Microtox, and was attributed to high concentrations of copper organic complexes in solutions. The application of beech litter, rich in dissolved organic carbon DOC, resulted in a radical increase of soil solution toxicity to both indicating organisms. This effect, particularly well expressed in the case of V. fischeri, was apparently caused by a decrease in pH and associated increase of total Cu concentrations in solutions.
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