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The red wiggler earthworm, Eisenia fetida (Sav.), is a model species for research on the harmfulness of various chemicals for saprophagous invertebrates, on account of its rapid reproduction rate in comparison to other wild-living species and the most uniform genetic background. They are used in a variety of toxicological tests, legally normalised by EU Directives and the OECD. Earthworms have become one of basic subjects of ecotoxicological research evaluating changes in the environment, with special attention paid to various plant protection products and to heavy metals. This is because of their anatomical structure and how they take in food (most eat soil). E. fetida can be used as a bioindicator (in research on populations or reproduction) or as a biomarker at the cellular level or in individual organs.
The study was aimed at estimating species composition and abundance of entomopathogenic fungi in the Chojnowski Landscape park. The effect of site, season (spring, summer, autumn) and temperature on the frequency of isolation of entomopathogenic fungi was also analysed. The effect of the first two factors was estimated based on the analysis of soil samples taken from meadow 1, forest 1 and orchard in spring, summer and autumn 2010. Three species of entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosorosea) were isolated in the study area. Site and temperature affected the frequency of isolation of particular species. On meadow 1 and in orchard M. anisopliae appeared to be the dominating species while forest 1 was dominated by B. bassiana. From among meadow and forest sites sampled in the autumn, forest 3 (nature reserve) was characterised by the highest density of entomopathogenic fungi. M. anisopliae and B. bassiana were most often isolated from meadow sites while B. bassiana and I. fumosorosea - from forest sites. B. bassiana and I. fumosorosea infected insects with significantly higher frequency at 20°C than at 25°C.
Spider parasites belong to many different taxonomical groups. Viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi, nematodes, horsehair worms, wasps and flies can be found in wild populations, but also among invertebrates kept in homes as pets. This article describes the most important parasite species, especially Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae and Panagrolaimidae nematodes, and methods for their prevention and eradication.
The aim of the study was determination of number and species composition of entomopathogenic fungi for two river catchments: Zwolenka and Zagozdzonka. Both are left side tributaries of the Vistula River and have different geological structure. The area is dominated by mosaic of extensive agriculture and forests. Three species of entomopathogenic fungi were found: Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Isaria fumoso-rosea. The dominant species in both catchment basins was I. fumosorosea. Infections caused by other factors were also noted (48% by entomopathogenic nematodes of the family Steinernematidae, remaining 19% by mites, saprophytic fungi, non-fruiting mycelia and other unidentified factors).
We examined the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), which were in contact with nanoparticles, in the control of A. diaperinus. Treatments were performed in laboratory conditions and consisted of one of the four species and strains of EPNs Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, which earlier were exposed to Ag, Au or Cu nanoparticles. All three development stages of the beetle were exposed to different EPNs. The mortality, the extensity, the intensity of infection of beetles were studied for 7 days. Most of nematodes, that survived contact with nanoparticles, developed in A. diaperinus larvae, pupae and adults. Significant differences were found in the sensitivity and susceptibility to penetration by parasites to various growth stages of the host. The most studied nematodes and nanoparticles caused a high mortality and the extensity of infection in host larvae, from 12 to 100% and from 8 to 83% respectively. A negative effect of gold nanoparticles on the mortality was observed in adult insects infected by S. feltiae (Owinema). Despite this, in many cases, the addition of nanoparticles may increase efficiency of EPNs, used in the integrated pest control.
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