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Virtual reality: a breakthrough in pain management?

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Virtual reality is a computer-generated scenario in which the user can interact in 3 dimensions so that the user feels that he or she is part of the scene. Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Pain is often undertreated and this comes along with several consequences such as anger, depression, anxiety, workplace absenteeism, underemployment, unemployment and fear, among others. In the past decade, there has been need to find a safer way of controlling chronic pain without the necessary complication of opioid misuse. Virtual reality has been proved to be a safer adjunct for this. Several studies have reported that virtual reality is quite effective for pain management, with participants reporting significant relief of symptoms. The discovery of the use of virtual reality in the management of pain may prove to be a breakthrough in pain medicine, saving people from the complications of prolonged opioid use and opioid misuse. However, more research still has to be done to fully establish the mechanism of action and use of virtual reality in pain management, especially in the management of chronic pain. This would be a true breakthrough, allowing the full safety and effectiveness of virtual reality to be harnessed.
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The Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that causes HIV infection, and over time, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV infection (simply called HIV at its early stage and AIDS at its later stage) is a very prevalent global disease condition affecting about 36.7 million people, both young and old. Sadly, HIV/AIDS affects almost all the systems in the body (particularly the neurological and musculoskeletal systems), which may result into physical disability. Physiotherapists are known to play important roles in the management of physical disability. In this paper, the authors provide information on the clinical and epidemiological features of HIV/AIDS, as well as the treatment modalities for the neurological and musculoskeletal problems experienced by people living with HIV/AIDS.
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Trichotillomania: hair pulling disorder

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Trichotillomania, also known as hair pulling disorder, is a chronic psychiatric condition common among women. It is a condition that causes impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The rate of presentation of such cases to medical practitioners is low, as affected individuals conceal it because of the shame associated with hair pulling behaviour. This makes the aetiology and management of the condition to be fairly understood; creating the need for extensive empirical research. This paper discusses the clinical and epidemiological features of trichotillomania and its management.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases which typically presents with frequent urination, increased thirst and increased hunger. DM be classified into three main types: type I (insulindependent DM), type-II (non-insulin dependent DM) and type III (gestational DM). Diabetes is a group of diseases of global health significance as 382 million people worldwide had diabetes in the year 2013 and this was projected to increase to an estimated 415 million in 2015. Damage to the nerves of the body (diabetic neuropathy) is the most common complication of diabetes. The signs and symptoms of diabetic neuropathy include numbness, diminished sensation, pain etc. Various types of electrotherapy, such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), pulsed-dose electrical stimulation, frequencymodulated electromagnetic neural stimulation, have been reported effective in managing diabetic neuropathy. This study is a systematic review of the evidence to enable the determination of the effectiveness of electrical stimulation and low-intensity laser therapy (LILT), and also aid their recommendation if proven to be effective. The outcome of this study was that TENS and other forms of electrical stimulation reviewed in this study may be effective and safe non-pharmacological treatment modalities in relieving the symptoms associated with diabetic neuropathy. The effectiveness of LILT couldn’t be determined due to the different parameters used to evaluate patients’ outcome and limited number of studies. Authors recommend that further randomized controlled trials with similar methodological parameters and studies with higher quality of evidences are needed to establish the true effectiveness of these modalities in diabetic neuropathy.
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