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Investigations into the abundance of adult D. reticulatus in relation to the effect of climatic conditions (temperature, humidity) on host-seeking behaviour were conducted during the autumn (September-October) and spring (May) activity peaks in 2008–2009 in eastern Poland (51°25’N). The study was conducted in the same habitat where similar examinations were performed in 1999–2000. A comparative analysis revealed that the abundance of D. reticulatus had almost doubled within 10 years. Analysis of data on the humidity and temperature conditions prevailing during tick collection, and on tick abundance in the respective study periods in 1999–2000 and 2008–2009, as well as absence of climatic changes over many years, indicate that the increase in the numbers of ticks may have been a result of a multitude of other factors, e.g. weather or environmental conditions favourable for ticks and their hosts. The substantial differences in D. reticulatus abundance observed during the autumn activity peak (an increase from 126 and 128.6 specimens per collection in 1999 and 2000, respectively, to 247.3 in 2008) demonstrate the considerable effect of the biotic and abiotic conditions prevailing during the development of young and adult stages on the abundance of this tick species. The activity of adult D. reticulatus ticks in the autumn was 2.7-fold higher in comparison to that observed during the spring collection; the difference was statistically significant (p<0.0001). Females dominated in both seasonal activity peaks. The ratio between females and males during the spring and autumn peaks was 3.31:1 and 1.05:1, respectively. The increase in the abundance of the D. reticulatus population implies a higher risk of transmission of tick-borne diseases in the study area, and the necessity to develop and implement effective prevention methods and tick control programmes.
Rabies is considered a disease of the highest mortality rate and all humans are vulnerable to infection. Specific anti-rabies immunoprophylaxis is the only efficient method of protection. The analysis of indications for active alone and active and passive immunization among patients reported to the dispensary of rabies prophylaxis in the Department of Infectious Diseases of Medical University of Lublin (eastern Poland) in 2004-2005 is presented. Prophylactic procedures were applied in 120 persons (14.98% of overall number consulted). Passive immunization, i.e. rabies immune globulin, was administered in 1 person (0.12%). In 2004, 64 persons (7.99%) received active vaccination, and 56 patients (6.99%) were vaccinated in 2005. Most of vaccinated patients lived in an urban area where the risk of rabies should be lower; however, in cities like Lublin there is a higher risk of being bitten by homeless animals. The most common species with rabies suspicion were dogs and cats. The decrease in the number of patients bitten by animals with confirmed rabies in Lublin province, and of the number of cases of animal rabies may indicate that oral vaccination of red foxes, representing a main reservoir of rabies virus in Poland, has been shown to be effective.
The aim of our study was to analyze medical records from years 2006-2011 of all patients exposed to animals and consulted at the Dispensary of Rabies Prophylaxis in the Department of Infectious Diseases at the Medical University of Lublin in Eastern Poland. During the studied 6-year period, 1,504 persons exposed to animals were consulted, and prophylactic procedure consisted of active immunization applied in 19.21% of the total consulted. Dogs and cats were the most common animal species suspected as the source of rabies exposure. Anti-rabies prophylaxis was applied to 51.56% of all vaccinated patients exposed to dogs and to 20.06% exposed to cats. Rabies was confirmed mainly in domestic animals (2 cats, 1 dog). Among wild animals, only 1 case of rabies was confirmed in a single bat.
Both the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks and the seroprevalence of human granulocytic anaplasmosis have been reported in different parts of Europe. There are few reports concerning this problem in Poland. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks, and to detect antibodies against the HGE agent in serum of forest workers in the region of Mid-Eastern Poland. In our opinion, this should reflect the real probability of infection of people exposed to Ixodes tick bites. Seroactivity against Anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in 20.6% of persons in the study group. Coexistence of anti-Borrelia burgdorferi was present in 84.6% of individuals seropositive to A. phagocytophilum. The PCR test identifying Anaplasma phagocytophilum was positive in 13.1% of overall tick samples. The highest prevalence of infection (45.7%) was found in female ticks. Anaplasmal DNA was detected in 4.5% of male ticks and only in 0.9% of nymphs. The results of our study confirmed the existence of A. phagocytophilum in the natural environment of Mid-Eastern Poland. As the risk for infection exists, it should call the attention of public health services to the possibility of an increasing number of patients with this disease.
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