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It is known that trichlorophenols may provoke free radical formation, leading to oxidative stress in living organisms, but no effort has been undertaken to evaluate oxidative changes in plants exposed to 2,4,5- trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP) that commonly exists in a soil environment. In this work the effect of 2,4,5-TCP on selected parameters of an antioxidative system, the content of hydrogen peroxide and the activity of glutathione S-transferase in the leaves of reed canary grass (Phalaris arudinacea), has been investigated. An increase in the content of total and reduced forms of glutathione and ascorbate, as well as free phenols concentrations, was shown. Moreover, a rise in the activities of catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase along with arisen content of hydrogen peroxide was observed. The obtained results showed that oxidative stress was provoked in the examined plants that had been exposed to 2,4,5-trichlorophenol.
Phenols and their derivatives commonly exist in the environment. These compounds are used as the components of dyes, polymers, drugs and other organic substances. The presence of phenols in the ecosystems is also related with production and degradation of numerous pesticides and the generation of industrial and municipal sewages. Some phenols are also formed during natural processes. These compounds may be substituted with chlorine atoms, may be nitrated, methylated or alkylated. Both phenols and catechols are harmful ecotoxins. Toxic action of these compounds stems from unspecified toxicity related to hydrophobocity and also to the generation of organic radicals and reactive oxygen species. Phenols and catechols reveal peroxidative capacity, they are hematotoxic and hepatotoxic, provoke mutagenesis and carcinogenesis toward humans and other living organisms.
Investigations were undertaken in the north-west part of the Tucholski Landscape Park (northern Poland). Samples were collected from soil adjacent to the banks of Lakes Suszek, Śpierewnik, Grochowskie, Raciąż and Stobno. The compounds were adsorbed by the solid-phase extraction method on octadecyl (C 18) layers, separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography (GC) methods and analysed by the densitometry and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques respectively. In samples, phenol, 4-methylphenol, 4-nitrophenol, chlorophenols, chlorocatechols, chloroguaiacols, chlorosyringols, 3,4,5-trichloroveratrole, 5,6-dichlorovaniline and several monoterpenes were determined. The increase of the number and concentrations of the compounds investigated in summer and spring was stated.
Unlike nuclear nucleolin, surface-expressed and cytoplasmic nucleolin exhibit Tn antigen. Here, we show localization-dependent differences in the glycosylation and proteolysis patterns of nucleolin. Our results provide evidence for different paths of nucleolin proteolysis in the nucleus, in the cytoplasm, and on the cell surface. We found that full-length nucleolin and some proteolytic fragments coexist within live cells and are not solely the result of the preparation procedure. Extranuclear nucleolin undergoes N- and O-glycosylation, and unlike cytoplasmic nucleolin, membrane-associated nucleolin is not fucosylated. Here, we show for the first time that nucleolin and endogenous galectin-3 exist in the same complexes in the nucleolus, the cytoplasm, and on the cell surface of melanoma cells. Assessments of the interaction of nucleolin with galectin-3 revealed nucleolar co-localization in interphase, suggesting that galectin-3 may be involved in DNA organization and ribosome biogenesis.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Working memory is based on multi-component system, which comprises short term memory, long term memory and Cognitive Skill Learning (CSL) that allows to perform task based on newly acquired information. In our study rats with bilateral hippocampal lesions were tested in the Allothetic Place Avoidance Alternation Test (APAAT) to verify functional and anatomical substrates of spatial working memory. METHODS: Lesions were made using ibotenic acid injections into the hippocampus. The task of rats in the APAAT was to remember and to avoid entering onto a 45° sector (described in the room frame coordinates) on the rotating arena, where shocks were given. It requires segregation of useful, room and misleading, arena frame information. The APAAT consists of four sessions (D1, 2, 3 and D21), which comprised of habituation, training 1, training 2 and test. Each session condition lasted 5 min. Effect of hippocampal lesion on working memory was evaluated by the maximum time spent on avoiding the shock sector (Tmax). Longer Tmax during training 2 than training 1 and habituation shows on effective memory functioning. CSL was determined by number of shocks/number of entrances ratio (S/E). Low value of S/E indicate that rats well know rules in the APAAT. Non-cognitive activity was determined by the total path length (TPL). RESULTS: Rats with hippocampal lesions presented shorter Tmax during training 2 in comparison with other session conditions (F3,33=9.55; P<0.0001). Moreover, S/E ratio was on higher level in operated rats than in control (F1,12 =10.37; P<0.007). All rats presented TPL on similar level (F1,11=0.15; P=0.7). Both groups walked the shortest distance on day 21. Hippocampal rats contrary to control had impaired ability to learn rules of the test (high S/E), to segregate information and to maintain the goal (short Tmax). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that short term memory and cognitive skill learning, components of spatial working memory system, strongly depend on hippocampus.
The Morris Water Maze (MWM) is a behavioral method for testing allothetic memory. The aim of study was to asses immediate effect of NMDA receptors blocking, by MK-801 or memantine, on working memory. Memory was tested in the MWM test with two various delays. Male adult Long-Evans rats were injected intraperitoneally with 5 or 20 mg/kg b.w. memantine or 0.1 mg/kg b.w. MK-801 or saline (1 ml/kg) 30 minutes before training in three consecutive days. The follow-up effect (without injection) was tested on day 9. Daily session consisted of training and testing trials with 5 or 15 min interval. Maximum time of a trial was 60 s. Location of hidden platform was alternated every day. Rats treated with high dose of memantine showed poor working memory, manifested as long latency of swim to the platform. This effect was present in trials with both delays. Low memantine group performed task as well as control. Working memory was affected by MK-801 just in trials with a long delay. Test with long delay was more sensitive on low dose of MK-801 than on low dose of memantine. The study shows a role of MK-801 in induction of psychosis-like behavior in an animal model of schizophrenia. Grant MNiSW 8165/B/P01/2011/40 and IGA MZ CR NT13386.
The effectiveness of penetration of erythrocyte membrane by sodium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was analyzed. The experiment was executed in a dependence on different doses of the herbicide and at different times of incubation of red blood cells with 2,4-D-Na. It is known that the main mechanism of detoxification of the cell from xenobiotics including 2,4-D is to bind them with proteins contained in blood plasma. In the case of exposure of blood to high doses of 2,4-D-Na, the unbound part of xenobiotics may penetrate into erythrocytes and change the activity of numerous parameters of the cells. The results obtained by the use of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that 2,4-D-Na is adsorbed by erythrocytes of 5% haematocrite in the amount of ~1% of the initial concentration. Moreover, it was observed that 2,4-D-Na is capable of accumulating in erythrocyte’s membrane and haemolysate in the amounts of 0.15% and 1.23% of the initial concentration, respectively. It was also stated that penetration of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid into erythrocytes is not associated with incubation time (the similar concentrations of 2,4-D-Na were detected after different incubation times of 0.5 to 3 hours); however, it was related with concentrations of the herbicide. We suggest that 2,4-D-Na was transported with concentration gradient in human erythrocytes.
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