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The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of detecting virulent Rhodococcus equi strains in tracheobronchial aspirate (TBA) of foals in enzootic farms depending on foals’ age and season. Between January and July, 385 TBA samples were collected. The samples were used for culture examination on the NANAT selective medium and for DNA extraction amplified in PCR and multiplex PCR. The most positive results confirming isolated strains as R. equi species were obtained in May and June. The least positive results were obtained in April and July. Between January and March, none of the TBA samples were positive in culture and PCR. The analysis of positive results of TBA specimens in regard to foals’ age revealed that the pathogen was detected most often in foals aged 2 and 3 months and was sporadically detected in foals aged 1 and 6 months. In 14 out of 28 TBA samples, multiplex PCR examination revealed the presence of the plasmid vapA gene. The highest number of virulent strains was detected in May and June. In 14 out of 28 foals positive for R. equi in culture examination and PCR, the multiplex PCR detecting vapA gene, was negative, which categorised these strains as avirulent. The results of the studies confirm the effectiveness of detecting R. equi in TBA of foals in enzootic farms. The interpretation of the results requires taking into account foal age, season, and epizootic situation of the farm.
The aim of the study was to assess the suitability of multiplex PCR and culture for the detection of virulent R.equi in tracheobronchial aspirate (TBA) and feces of foals from enzootic farms. Fecal and TBA samples were taken randomly from a representative group of foals aged between 1 and 6 months. The solid selective medium NANAT was used for culture examination. Multiplex PCR reaction was performed with the use of two sets of primers complementary to the conservative gene fragment encoding the 16S subunit of ribosomal RNA of R.equi and the plasmid gene encoding virulence associated protein A (VapA), which determines bacterial virulence. During clinical observations three experimental groups (A, B, C), differing in the intensity of respiratory signs, were selected for further studies. In foals from group A, showing no clinical signs from the respiratory tract, the results of the examinations of TBA and fecal samples were negative irrespective of the method used. In group B, showing moderate respiratory signs, 15 TBA and fecal samples were examined. PCR results were positive for 7 TBA samples and 2 fecal samples, whereas culture examinations were positive for only 3 TBA samples from this group. In group C, consisting of 6 foals with severe respiratory signs, positive PCR and culture results were obtained for all TBA samples and for 3 fecal samples.
The aim of the study was the isolation and identification of herpesviruses (EHV1 and EHV4) in nasal swabs from horses with upper respiratory tract infections and organs of aborted foetus by using PCR and cell culture method. A total of 110 swab samples taken from 90 horses with upper respiratory tract infections and 20 healthy animals and tissue samples from aborted foetuses were included in the study. Sampled animals were selected from 12 horse farms located in the central and south-eastern part of Poland, with different geographical conditions, types of breeding and number of livestock. The collected samples were first examined with the use of PCR to detect DNA of equine herpesviruses type 1 and 4. DNA of EHV4 has been detected in 9 samples taken from 9 horses from two farms. DNA of EHV1 was detected in one swab sample and in tissue samples of aborted fetuses. A representative group of 58 samples taken from sick horses and tissue samples from the fetuses were examined for the virus isolation with the use of three cell lines (RK-13, EEL, MDBK). The positive effect of the virus isolation was obtained with regards to two EHV1 strains, one isolated from a swab sample and the second one from an aborted fetus. However, the isolation of EHV4 strains from 9 samples positive in PCR was unsuccessful. All samples taken from 20 horses from the control group were negative in both virological tests.
The aim of the study was to analyse the antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated from nasal mucosa of foals and young horses with upper respiratory tract infections. Included in the study were one hundred forty nine bacterial strains belonging to ten species: Staphylococcus aureus (4), Staphylococcus intermedius (4), Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (12), Bordetella bronchiseptica (15), Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumoniae (1), Moraxella sp. (4), Pasteurella pneumotropica (2), Staphylococcus lentus (16), Staphylococcus sciuri (48), Staphylococcus xylosus (43). Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed by the use of the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar, according to NCCLS recommendations. Twenty six chemotherapeutics were used to assess antibiotic sensitivity profiles of: amoxicillin (AMX), amoxicillin with clavulic acid (AMC), ampicillin (AM), carbenicillin (CB), cefotaxim (CFM), cefuroxim (CXM), cefalexin (CN), chloramphenicol (C), erythromycin (E), flumequine (AR), gentamicin (GM), kanamycin (K), linkomycin (L), minocycline (MI), neomycin (N), nitrofurantoin (FM), norfloxacine (NOR), oksacillin (OX), penicillin G (P), rifampicin (RI), spiramycine (SP), streptomycin (S), sulphonamides (G), sulphonamides and trimethoprim (SXT), tetracycline (TE), vankomycine (VA). Results obtained during the study indicated the highest effectiveness of amoxicillin with clavulic acid (AMC), cephalosporines, gentamicin (GM), minocycline (MI), rifampicin (RI) and sulphonamides combined with trimethoprim (SXT) against the bacterial strains examined. The percentage of strains susceptible for AMC was 70.4%, cefalexin - 58.6%, cefotaxim - 62.1%, cefuroxim - 65.1%, GM - 61.3%, MI - 58.7%, RI - 67% and SXT - 58.4%. The highest (100%) resistance against chemotherapeutics examined in the study was demonstrated by the Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumoniae strain, isolated from suppurative lung lesions from a 2-month-old foal, showing pronounced respiratory signs antemortem and pneumonia lesions upon death.
The aim of the study was to assess the seroprevalence of Equine rhinitis B viruses (ERBV) in the horse population of the south-eastern part of Poland. Selected horse farms, including breeding farms, stallion herds, purchasing centers and riding clubs were included in the studies. Blood samples were taken from 650 adult horses and foals of different age groups from 23 farms. Commercial ELISA test (Equivir IgG ELISA, Tridelta Development Limited, Ireland) has been used in the studies. On average specific antibodies to ERBV were found in 70.5% of the animals examined. The percentage of positive results of the serological survey was diverse in particular horse farms and ranged from 37.5% to 100% of the animals. It was demonstrated that the farm type and sex of horses did not influence the serological results, while the number of horses in the farm significantly influenced the serological results (P < 0.05).
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