Artykuł jest podsumowaniem aktualnej sytuacji grup producentów rolnych w Polsce ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ekonomicznych aspektów ich funkcjonowania. Wymienione są w nim główne przeszkody wpływające na ich niewielką liczbę i utrudniające im sprawne działanie. Nakreślone są też główne czynniki, które mogą korzystnie oddziaływać na rozwój tego typu form zespołowego działania rolników w Polsce.
W pracy przedstawiono wpływ procesu kulinarnego, w tym obierania i gotowania, na jakość wybranych warzyw (brukselka, marchew, ziemniaki) z uwzględnieniem wartości odżywczej, jakości sensorycznej i poziomu zanieczyszczeń chemicznych. Zastosowano 3 metody gotowania z użyciem dużej ilości wody: w garnku przy rozpoczęciu procesu od wody zimnej i od wody wrzącej, w szybkowarze w wodzie oraz 3 metody z wykorzystaniem małej ilości wody: w kuchni mikrofalowej, w szybkowarze w parze, w garnku akutermicznym. Na podstawie badań stwierdzono, że metoda gotowania powinna być uzależniona od wartości odżywczej i poziomu zanieczyszczeń chemicznych. Do warzyw o niskim stopniu zanieczyszczenia korzystniej jest stosować metody gotowania z małą ilością wody, gdyż lepiej zachowują one wartość odżywczą, a usuwanie zanieczyszczeń nie ma tu znaczenia. Warzywa znacznie zanieczyszczone chemicznie lepiej gotować w dużej ilości wody, ze względu na eluację zanieczyszczeń.
Effect of peeling and cooking on the potato quality described by nutritional value, sensory quality and contamination level was investigated. Experiment was carried out on potatoes from the Potato Research Institute. Seven cooking methods were assessed: "wet" using tap water and "dry" using microwave, pressure cooker and acuthermal pot. Potatoes contained 19-27 mg/100 g vitamin C, 70-80 mg/kg nitrates and 0.005-0.014 mg/kg lead and cadmium. Peeling decreased dry matter and vitamin C content just by 3-4% and that of cadmium, lead and nitrates by 17%, 29%- and 36%, respectively. The best quality of potatoes was achieved while cooking them by "dry" methods where losses of vitamin C were 8-17% with no effect on contaminants. When "wet" methods were used, losses of vitamin C were higher (20-40%) but they allowed to elute 20-30%; of contaminants. Sensory quality was relatively high for potatoes cooked by all methods.
Calmodulin distribution was studied in the maturing male fertile and male sterile anther of Allium cepa L., using commercial monoclonal anti-CaM antibodies. The main sites of its occurrence were the tapetum and the generative cell lines. During microsporogenesis, calmodulin localization in the anthers of both onion lines was similar. Anti-CaM was localized in dividing microsporocytes, and low levels of it were found in the tapetum cytoplasm. Significant differences in calmodulin level and distribution between male fertile and male sterile anthers were observed after completion of meiosis. In the tapetum of the male fertile anther, throughout its existence, calmodulin level was higher than in the tapetum of the male sterile anther. The prematurely degenerating male sterile tapetum, starting from the free-microspore stage, did not bind anti-CaM. Differences in calmodulin localization between the functional and nonfunctional tapetum were found already in the tetrad stage, that is, before the start of degeneration of microspores. In functional tapetum cells, anti-CaM was concentrated in the cytoplasm on the loculus side; in the nonfunctional tapetum of the male sterile anther, calmodulin was evenly distributed over the cells. In the microspores of the male sterile line, calmodulin was dispersed in the cytoplasm. During pollen maturation, calmodulin was observed to undergo polarization - anti-CaM was localized mainly in the region of one of the pollen poles, near the plasma membrane. In the male sterile anther, progressive degeneration of microspores was associated with decreasing calmodulin level in the cytoplasm; microspores in the abortion stage did not bind anti-CaM.
Effect of peeling and cooking methods on quality of beetroots were studied. Six different cooking methods were used: in pot starting with cold and boiling water, in pressure cooker in water and in steam, in acuthermal pot and in microwave oven. The best nitrates and nitrites elution were obtained during cooking beetroots in big amounts of water (in pot starting with cold and boiling water and in pressure cooker in water). Beetroots cooked by these methods received the lowest scores in sensory quality (especially colour). Because beetroots are very popular mostly for their colour these methods shouldnt be used to cook this product. To save specific colour of beetroots it's better to use cooking methods with small amounts of water (in pressure cooker in steam, in acuthermal pot, in microwave oven).
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