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Fluctuations of acidity were found in leaves, shoots and roots of two groups of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum plants: watered and salt-treated. This suggests that the functioning of CAM (related to malate accumulation) in the tested organs can differ in "early CAM" in watered plants versus "full CAM" in NaCl-irrigated plants. Among the different organs analyzed, shoots exhibited the highest acidity level at the beginning of the day in both groups of M. crystallinum plants. Superoxide dismutase forms (MnSOD, CuZnSOD and FeSOD) differed in activity depending not only on their localization in the plant tissue but also on the stage of CAM development. Plants exhibiting "full CAM" and showing clear diurnal ∆-acidity had much higher total SOD activity during evening hours than in plants following "early CAM" photosynthesis. Shoots showed the highest activity of SOD.
Changes in malate concentration and activity of NADP-dependent malic enzyme were observed as the effect of Botrytis cinerea infection of C₃ or CAM-performing Mesembryanthemum crystallinum plants. Biotic stress applied on C₃ plants led to increase in malate concentration during the night and in consequence it led to increase in Δ-malate (day/night fluctuations) in infected leaves on the 2nd day post infection (dpi). It corresponded with induction of additional isoform of NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME3). On the contrary, CAM-performing M. crystallinum plants exhibited decrease in malate concentration and decay in its diurnal fluctuations as a reaction to B. cinerea infection. This correlated with significant decrease in activities of NADP-malic enzyme isoforms on the 2nd dpi as well as no fluctuations in their activities on the 9th dpi. Presented results point out to differences between C₃ and CAM plants in the direction of changes in primary metabolism providing energy, reducing equivalents and carbon skeletons for defense responses to halt the pathogen growth.
The aim of this paper has been to investigate the occurrence of health-promoting antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E as well as antioxidative enzymes, e.g. superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase in different parts of the cabbage head (the outer one green leaves, the central leaf layer and the inner layer young, etiolated leaves). Vitamin C content in both the central (209 mg/dm³) and inner (202 mg/dm³) layers of cabbage headswas higher in comparison to the outer one (163 mg/dm³), while vitamin E content (α-tocopherol) in the outer layer (4 µg/g FW) was higher by about 26 and 34% in comparison to the central and inner layers, respectively. The cooperation between vitamins and enzymatic antioxidants led to the highest H₂O₂ level in the outer layer, while the O₂⁻ level was the highest in the inner part of the cabbage head. We conclude that leaf layers in cabbage heads reflect the different potential of bioactive compounds accumulation, related to the stage of tissue development, as well as tissue-specific stress response.
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