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Edible insects: future of human food – a review

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The practice of eating insects is known as entomophagy. Many animals, such as spiders, lizards and birds, are entomophagous, as are many insects. People throughout the world have been eating insects as a regular part of their diets for millennia. As people in rural areas suffer from under nutrition, especially protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in Africa, Latin America and Asia, alternative nutritional food sources are needed. From ants to beetle larvae – eaten by tribes in Africa and Australia as part of their subsistence diets – to the popular, crispy-fried locusts and beetles enjoyed in Thailand, it is estimated that insect-eating is practised regularly by at least 2 billion people worldwide. More than 1900 insect species have been documented in literature as edible, most of them in tropical countries. The most commonly eaten insect groups are beetles, caterpillars, bees, wasps, ants, grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, cicadas, leaf and plant hoppers, scale insects and true bugs, termites, dragonflies and flies. The purpose of the present review is to determine the status of present research in the context of the potentiality of insects as alternative food source to cope up with the emerging problem of global food crisis.
Higher efficacy of mixture of insecticides with synergists piperonyl butoxide (PB) was reported in controlling in the Dooars population of Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse. Therefore, the use of synergists as one of the countermeasures against the insecticide resistance problem of H. theivora is recommended. The combination of deltamethrin +PB (piperonyl butoxide), quinalphos +PB and imidacloprid +PB showed 44.60, 16.01 and 11.14 folds increase of toxicity (synergistic ratio) than the respective insecticide alone. Piperonyl butoxide acted as an oxidase inhibitor. The addition of PB to some extent suppressed the resistance of H. theivora to these insecticides, suggesting that the P450 enzyme complex may be involved in the mechanism of toxicity.
The biosynthetic pathway of tetrapyrrole is under stringent regulation in living systems. Heme, one of the products of this branched pathway is well known to regulate the pathway through feedback inhibition. Since the accumulation of intermediates of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway is found to be cytotoxic and inducer of plant programmed cell death through retrograde signalling, certain role of heme in regulating plant cell death is quite logical. In the present study, we report the in vivo hemebinding property of OsHFP, a novel hemopexin fold protein from the rice (Oryza sativa) plant, and document the effect of heme–OsHFP interaction on oxidative stress responses in bacterial and plant systems. The bound heme is retained by the OsHFP even in presence of SDS, and the amount of bound heme to OsHFP increases upon exogenous application of heme biosynthetic precursor in Escherichia coli. In heme-replete condition, the recombinant OsHFP alters the oxidative stress response in E. coli. Ectopic expression of the OsHFP generates oxidative stress in tobacco leaves, which is visualized through the induction of superoxide dismutase activity and localized accumulation of H2O2. On the basis of the findings from the present study and the available literature, we propose a possible mode of action of OsHFP in regulating cell death in plant system, which might signify the yet-to-be-deciphered physiological role of hemopexin fold proteins in plants.
The tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse) and red spider mite (Oligonychus coffeae Nietner) are the two major pests of tea (Camellia sinensis L.). Their intensity of infestation was increasing day by day in an alarming proportionand increasing resistance to pesticides constitutes a serious problem in North Bengal tea plantations, India. One of the insecticide resistance management strategies is the use of chemicals that can effectively control the pest in the initial life stage (egg stage). However most of the earlier studies were doneto control the mobile stages of H. theivora and O. coffeae. The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of acaricides/insecticides in killing its eggs. On the basis of LC50values, the descending order of ovicidal toxicity of different commonly used insecticides to H. theivora eggs were: etofenprox, β-cyfluthrin,cypermethrin, imidacloprid, fenpropathrin, λ-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin,profenofos, monocrotophos, thiomethoxam, alphamethrin, dimethoate, quinalphos,chlorpyriphos, oxydemeton methyl, acephate, azadirachtin and endosulfan. In case of O. coffeae eggs the lowest LC50 value was determined for fenazaquin, which was followed by profenophos, propargite, fenpropathrin,ethion, dicofol, abamectin and finally by azadirachtin. The data obtained in the present study may be used as a tool of IRM (integrated resistance management) strategies that can effectively control the pests in the initial stage itself (egg stage).
West Bengal is one of the most populated states of India. The residents of the state are mostly dependent on agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. Livestock also provide economic support and food security to them. A survey in veterinary hospitals and cattle farms of Murshidabad, Nadia, Malda and Birbhum district of West Bengal indicated the frequent occurrence of bacterial, fungal, viral and protozoan diseases in cattle. Some of these diseases like cryptosporidium diarrhoea, ringworm and salmonelliasis are zoonotic in nature and thus, are easily transmitted to human. The frequency of diseases increases during rainy season. Infection of alimentary canal and pneumonia are more common in calves whereas, arthritis is more common in male. Most of the common diseases of cattle like anthrax, rabies, foot and mouth disease, bovine tuberculosis, etc., can be prevented by proper vaccination. Some of these diseases can easily be diagnosed by modern techniques like ELISA, PCR, etc. But lack of veterinary hospitals, socio-economic backwardness and misconception have prevented easy diagnosis and treatment of these common diseases. Common antibiotic like kanamycin, antifungal drugs and antitoxins are generally applied to treat these diseases. Further, maintenance of proper hygiene, isolation of diseased animal, regular check-up and vaccination can prevent easy transmission of the diseases and thus, will put a check on livestock damage.
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