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Plants have evolved several molecular mechanisms to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. Successful adaptation to stress is regulated through the activation or repression of the effects of transcription factors on specific target genes. The NAC (NAM, ATAF and CUC) transcription factors (TFs), which constitute one of the largest plant-specific transcription factor family, have been reported to be involved in plant development, biotic and abiotic stress regulation. Thus NAC TFs might be promising candidates for improving plants’ stress tolerance. Ongoing research on this transcription factor family has greatly broadened our knowledge in terms of its structure, functions, interaction with phytohormones, evolution and usage. This review focuses on the current status of NACs as regulators of stress.
In this study, seed germination percentages, effects on phases of mitosis and α-amylase enzyme activity of lentil seeds treated with four different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%) of Fusilade (Fluazifop-p-butyl) were determined. Median EC (effective concentration) values were calculated according to seed germination percentages after treatment for 72 h. Germination percentages of primary lentil roots decreased with increasing Fusilade concentrations. Cytological observations showed that the mitotic frequency in root meristematic cells were decreased parallel to the increase in concentrations and all Fusilade concentrations applied decreased the activity of α-amylase enzyme in lentil seeds. The obtained results indicate that the herbicide Fusilade had the ability to cause reduction in seed germination, mitotic frequency and also α-amylase activity of lentil seeds.
NAC (no apical meristem, Arabidopsis transcription activation factor 1 and 2, cup-shaped cotyledon 2) transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic and biotic stress. Two novel NAC TFs were isolated from Citrullus colocynthis, a highly drought-tolerant cucurbit species: CcNAC1 and CcNAC2 each with conserved A–E NAC domains. Subcellular location of CcNAC1 and CcNAC2 investigated via transient expression of 35S::CcNAC1: :GFP and 35S::CcNAC2::GFP fusion constructs in Arabidopsis protoplasts, revealed nuclear localization. The transactivation ability of CcNACs was examined in the GAL4 yeast assay system, and showed that only the C-terminal domain of CcNAC1 has the ability to activate reporter genes LacZ and His3. The CcNAC genes accumulated in a tissue-specific manner with expression levels in male flowers of C. colocynthis higher than leaves, hypocotyls or roots. Genome walking was used to isolate the CcNAC1 and CcNAC2-promoter regions. A high number of stress-related sequence motifs were detected, especially in the CcNAC1 promoter. C. colocynthis seedlings were treated with PEG, abscisic acid, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), H₂O₂, ethylene, gibberellic acid (GA), wounding or salt. High CcNAC1 expression levels were detected following JA application, and wounding, while high CcNAC2 levels followed treatment with GA, JA, SA, and wounding, indicative of differential regulation of these stress responsive TFs in this cucurbit species.
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