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The paper presents simulation investigations of influence of gas turbine controller adju-stment on ship propulsion system operating in heavy sea conditions, based on the modelpresented in Part I of the paper. The ship propulsion system with two gas turbines driving - through mechanical gear - ship controllable pitch propeller, described in Part I,was used to analysis. The harmonic disturbances due to sea waves with selected frequencies were used as input function in computing the system's amplitude characteristicsat different settings of P and PD controllers.
This paper presents a concept of a ship combined high-power system consisted of main piston engine and associated with it: gas power turbine and steam turbine subsystems, which make use of energy contained in exhaust gas from main piston engine. The combined system consisted of a piston combustion engine and an associated with it steam turbine subsystem, was considered. An algorithm and results of calculations of the particular subsystems, i.e. of piston combustion engine and steam turbine, are presented. Assumptions and limitations taken for calculations, as well as comparison of values of some parameters of the system and results of experimental investigations available from the literature sources, are also given. The system’s energy optimization was performed from the thermodynamic point of view only. Any technical – economical analyses were not carried out. Numerical calculations were performed for a Wärtsilä slow-speed diesel engine of 52 MW output power
This paper presents experimental tests of full-scale two-shaft gas turbine in the range of open anti-surge valve (ASV). The tests were carried out in a laboratory gas- turbine test stand belonging to Department of Automation and Power Engineering , Faculty of Ocean Engineering and Ship Technology , Gdańsk University of Technology. The tests covered the start-up and low load operation of the turbine set in the range of open anti-surge valve
The dependency of marine gas turbine on the ambient temperature leads to a decrease of the gas turbine power output in arid areas. Very often gas turbine power output demand is high and the power margins originally designed into the driver , has been exhausted. In such circumstances the inlet air fogging is an effective compensation of gas turbine power. In this paper an analysis of inlet air fogging applicability to marine gas turbine has been conducted. Different areas of ship’s voyage have been taken into account. The use of inlet air fogging in marine gas turbine must be evaluated on the basis of turbine characteristics, climate profile of ship’s voyage, and expectations of gas turbine power augmentation. The authors expect that the considerations provide useful guidance for users of marine gas turbines to decide the feasibility of installing an inlet air fogging system
The use of inlet air fogging installation to boost the power for gas turbine engines is widely applied in the power generation sector. The application of fogging to mechanical drive is rarely considered in literature [1]. This paper will cover some considerations relating to its application for gas turbines in ship drive. There is an important evaporative cooling potential throughout the world, when the dynamic data is evaluated, based on an analysis of coincident wet and dry bulb information. This data will allow ships’ gas turbine operators to make an assessment of the economics of evaporative fogging. The paper represents an introduction to the methodology and data analysis to derive the direct evaporative cooling potential to be used in marine gas turbine power output loss compensation
The studies were carried out in 1992-1993 on the soil of meadow-pasture area in a vicinity of a motorway within two distances (5 m and 85 m). The content of Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe and pH in the soil was determined. All tested elements were found to accumulate in the upper layers of the soil. Pb and Cu quantity diminished in the deeper layers of the soil profile. In the distance of 85 m from the motorway the decline of Pb, Cu, Zn concentration and the enhancement of Mn and Fe was observed. Intensification of car communication affects an increase in Pb and Zn in tested soil.
An evaluation proposal (quantitative determination) of any combustion turbine engine operation has been presented , wherein the impact energy occurs at a given time due to Energy conversion. The fact has been taken into account that in this type of internal combustion engines the energy conversion occurs first in the combustion chambers and in the spaces between the blade of the turbine engine. It was assumed that in the combustion chambers occurs a conversion of chemical energy contained in the fuel-air mixture to the internal energy of the produced exhaust gases. This form of energy conversion has been called heat. It was also assumed that in the spaces between the blades of the rotor turbine, a replacement occurs of part of the internal energy of the exhaust gas, which is their thermal energy into kinetic energy conversion of its rotation. This form of energy conversion has been called the work. Operation of the combustion engine has been thus interpreted as a transmission of power receivers in a predetermined time when there the processing and transfer in the form (means) of work and heat occurs. Valuing the operation of this type of internal combustion engines, proposed by the authors of this article, is to determine their operation using physical size, which has a numerical value and a unit of measurement called joule-second [joule x second]. Operation of the combustion turbine engine resulting in the performance of the turbine rotor work has been presented, taking into account the fact that the impeller shaft is connected to the receiver, which may be a generator (in the case of one-shaft engine) or a propeller of the ship (in the case of two or three shaft engine)
This paper presents characteristics and purposefulness of supporting the renewable energy sources (OZE) by means of energy stores. The main emphasis was placed on analysis of virtual energy stores available for implementation in Polish economy conditions. A role which management of Demand Side Response (DSR) may play in balancing Polish electric power system, is discussed. Implementation of such solutions together with conventional energy stores may significantly influence power supply safety by assuring continuity of electric power supply at an acceptable price. Involvement of electric power consumers ( DSR ) should be one of the basic solutions for power markets in Poland and Europe
The paper concerns a propulsion system of merchant ships intended for sailing in the Baltic Sea zone. Suchsystem is to satisfy the ecological requirements determined by relevant international conventions for specialzones to which the Baltic Sea also belongs. The paper draws attention to gas turbine used as a prime moverfor such ships, because it satisfies the ecological requirements and has also other advantages. Application of gas turbine for ship powering does not require exhaust gas to be purified, however it requires fuel oils of a low sulphur content to be used. If the ecological rules impose the using of the fuel oils of similar quality for diesel engines then gas turbine propulsion system will be comparable − also economically (regardingspecific fuel oil consumption cost) − with that of diesel engine. It would be even more favourable ina combine gas turbine /steam turbine system, especially at compound production of electric and heat energy(i.e. COGES systems). In the Baltic Sea zone gas turbines will find application to powering a. o. such shipsas : fast car-passenger ferries, fast cargo ships, special vehicles (hydrofoils, hovercraft, motor yachts)
Badania prowadzono w latach 1992-1994 na trwałym użytku zielonym położonym na glebie organiczno-mineralnej. Uwzględniały one skład florystyczny runi, zawartość mikroelementów (Cu, Zn, Li, Sr, Mn, Fe, Pb) w poszczególnych grupach roślin (trawy, motylkowate, zioła i chwasty). Badaniami objęto także wybrane gatunki roślin, jako przedstawicieli wymienionych grup. W okresie pobierania prób roślinnych wzięto do analiz glebę z trzech głębokości: 0-5 cm, 5-15 cm, w której oznaczono pH w KCl oraz zawartość mikroelementów. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały duże zróżnicowanie w koncentracji mikroelementów w zależności od grupy roślin oraz układu warunków meteorologicznych w latach badań. Średnio z trzech lat badań, zioła i chwasty przewyższały rośliny motylkowate, a w szczególności trawy, pod względem zawartości oznaczanych mikroelementów. Jedynie manganu trawy gromadziły więcej niż rośliny motylkowate. Stwierdzono także duże zróżnicowanie między gatunkami w poszczególnych grupach roślin, np. wśród badanych gatunków ziół i chwastów najwięcej Zn i Cu gromadził mniszek lekarski, a Mn, Fe, Pb i Sr - babka zwyczajna. Spośród gatunków traw na uwagę zasługują rajgras wyniosły, który charakteryzował się dużą zawartością Zn i Fe oraz kupkówka pospolita ze względu na dużą koncentrację Cu.
The article compares combined systems in naval applications. The object of the analysis is the combined gas turbine/steam turbine system which is compared to the combined marine low-speed Diesel engine/steam turbine system. The comparison refers to the additional power and efficiency increase resulting from the use of the heat in the exhaust gas leaving the piston engine or the gas turbine. In the analysis a number of types of gas turbines with different exhaust gas temperatures and two large-power low-speed piston engines have been taken into account. The comparison bases on the assumption about comparable power ranges of the main engine
The article presents a concept of a combined large-power ship propulsion system, composed of the leading internal combustion main engine associated with a power gas turbine and the steam turbine system, both utilising the energy taken from the main engine exhaust gas. In the examined variant the power turbine, arranged in parallel with a turbocharger, is fed with the exhaust gas from the exhaust manifold. A calculation algorithm is presented, along with sample calculations for particular subsystems: supercharging, gas power turbine, and steam turbine system. Assumptions were formulated for the calculations, and were complemented by the adopted limits. Selected system parameters were confronted with the experimental investigations available in the literature. The performed power optimisation of the entire combined marine power plant took only into account the thermodynamic point of view, leaving aside technical and economic aspects. The numerical calculations were performed for the 52 MW low-speed marine diesel engine
This paper presents optimization of selected combined diesel engine-steam turbine systems. Two systems: the system combined with waste heat one-pressure boiler only and its version containing additionally low-pressure boiler proper feeding degasifier and the system of two-pressure cycle, were taken into considerations. Their surplus values of power output and efficiency associated with utilization of waste heat contained in piston engine exhaust gas were compared to each other. For the considerations two high-power low-speed engines were taken into account. The main engines of comparable power of about 54 MW produced by Wartsila and MAN Diesel & Turbo firms, were selected
Skład chemiczny runi łąkowej zależy między innymi od składu florystycznego. Dla bliższego poznania tych zależności, w 1996 roku pobrano z trwałych użytków zielonych próby roślinne zbiorowisk.- Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Poa pratensis, Elymus repens, które poddano analizie botanicznej i chemicznej. Oznaczono w nich zawartość makroelementów oraz Cu, Fe, Zn i Mn. Zbiorowiska trawiaste różniły się składem gatunkowym traw i udziałem roślin dwuliściennych. Stwierdzono także duże różnice w zawartości badanych składników chemicznych. Pod względem zawartości: N, Mg i Fe wyróżniło się zbiorowisko Elymus repens, a pod względem zawartości: P, Zn, Cu i Mn - zbiorowisko Alopecunis pratensis.
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