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An early light-inducible protein (GbELIP) isolated from immature ginkgo leaves by rapid amplification of cDNA ends method contains a 570 bp open reading frame encoding a 189 amino acid protein, with significant homology to early light-inducible proteins from other plant species. The genomic DNA of GbELIP gene contains three exons and two introns. Southern blotting revealed that GbELIP is a singlecopy gene in ginkgo. Light, defense and stress responsive element were found in the promoter region of GbELIP. GbELIP expressional patterns were detected by Real-time PCR at various conditions. ELIP expressions were variable at different time points of 1 day and increasing significantly at the commencement of light illumination then dropping to a basal level gradually. ELIP expression in small size leaves (1–1.5 cm width and 7-day age) was higher then middle (2–3 cm width and 15-day age) and large (4 cm width and 30-day age) size leaves. It revealed that ELIP expression was under the control of developmental regulation. Under temperature and light intensity treatments, GbELIP transcripts accumulation may relate to photoinhibition. The peak expression of GbELIP appeared later by chilling than heating Meanwhile, GbELIP expression under high light was higher than low light at both two temperatures. GbELIP expression was also increased by wounding and methyl jasmonate (Me-JA) treatment, but not corresponded with increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. In conclusion, GbELIP appears to be induced by an imbalance between chlorophyll formation and degradation during development or under abiotic stress. These results suggest that GbELIP may function in response to environmental signals, possibly regulating responses to abiotic stresses.
For the majority of Rhinolophus species a karyotype consisting of either 58 or 62 chromosomes was reported. The members of the R. trifoliatus clade are therefore distinguished from other rhinolophids by low diploid chromosome numbers (2n) and a high rate of chromosomal changes. Recently, based on cytogenetic characters, a cryptic species, R. luctoides, was described and a subspecies, R. luctusmorio, was elevated to species rank. In the present work, the karyotypes of a male bat from Vietnam and a female one from China, both classified as R. luctus by morphological characters, were studied by G-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization with whole chromosome painting probes derived from Aselliscus stoliczkanus. In the male specimen from Vietnam, the composition of the 15 autosomal bi-armed pairs (2n = 32, FN = 60) is identical to that of R. luctoides from Malaysia. For reason of differences in body size and baculum length as well as in skull morphology, this specimen is provisionally treated as R. cf. luctoides. The karyotype of the female specimen from Sichuan province, China, differs from R. luctoides by a whole arm reciprocal translocation resulting in an altered arm composition of pairs 3 and 4. For this reason, the elevation of the Chinese subspecies of R. luctus, i.e. R. lanosus, to species rank is suggested. The karyotype of the endemic Taiwanese species R. formosae with a diploid number of 2n = 52 is mainly composed of acrocentric autosomal pairs. Of the five bi-armed pairs, only the two smallest show the same arm composition as found in the 2n = 32 karyotypes of other members of the R. trifoliatus clade. The composition of the remaining three bi-armed pairs is unique and represents an apomorphic feature for R. formosae.
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