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 All living organisms conduct protein synthesis with a high degree of accuracy maintained in the transmission and flow of information from a gene to protein product. One crucial "quality control" point in maintaining a high level of accuracy is the selectivity by which aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases furnish correctly activated amino acids, attached to tRNA species, as the building blocks for growing protein chains. When differences in binding energies of amino acids to an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase are inadequate, editing is used as a major determinant of enzyme selectivity. Some incorrect amino acids are edited at the active site before the transfer to tRNA (pre-transfer editing), while others are edited after transfer to tRNA at a separate editing site (post-transfer editing). Access of natural non-protein amino acids, such as homocysteine, homoserine, or ornithine to the genetic code is prevented by the editing function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Disabling editing function leads to tRNA mischarging errors and incorporation of incorrect amino acids into protein, which is detrimental to cell homeostasis and inhibits growth. Continuous homocysteine editing by methionyl-tRNA synthetase, resulting in the synthesis of homocysteine thiolactone, is part of the process of tRNA aminoacylation in living organisms, from bacteria to man. Excessive homocysteine thiolactone synthesis in hyperhomocysteinemia caused by genetic or nutritional deficiencies is linked to human vascular and neurological diseases.
Analyses were conducted on 20 adult females of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides). The measurements allowed to calculate the mean length of the raccoon dog, amounting to 247.09 cm, and the mean total length of intestines, amounting to 207.83 cm. Mean values of individual intestinal fragments, i.e. duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon with rectum amounted to 31.17, 170.00, 6.65, 8.04 and 31.22 cm, respectively. Jejunum had the highest (68.80%) and ileum the lowest (2.70%) share in the total length of intestines. The highest correlation coefficient characterized the relation­ship between total length of intestines and total length of small intestine.
INTRODUCTION: Elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), i.e. hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), is associated with brain pathologies such as vascular dementia, cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease and glial functions. Learning and memory may also be indirectly regulated by water homeostasis in the brain. AIM(S): Determine how the mouse brain and behaviour are affected by chronic long‑term dietary HHcy. METHOD(S): HHcy was induced in 8-month-old C57BL/6 male mice by providing 1% methionine in drinking water for 12 months. Control mice did not receive methionine. At 20 months of age, weight, urinary tHcy, and behavioural phenotypes were recorded. Cognitive impairment was assessed by the Novel Object Recognition (NOR) test. Mice were sacrificed, perfused, and brains were collected for aquaporin‑4 (AQP4) immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: HHcy mice had lower body weight than controls (31.4±1.1 vs. 35.1±1.3 g, p=0.04). HHcy mice had 32-fold higher urinary tHcy than controls (493±57 vs. 15.3±4.9 μM, p<0.0001). HHcy mice showed neurodegener ing and spatial orientation in Kcnb1 mutant embryos and larvae. RESULTS: The otic vesicle and otoliths of Kcnb1 mutant develop relatively normal. We observed significant length reduction of the otic vesicle in mutant embryos. Mutants demonstrate significant hearing defects and uncoordinated balance movements. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike clear morphological abnormality of the brain ventricular system, development of the otic vesicle in Kcnb1 zebrafish mutant is relatively uneventful. Kcnb1 requirement in the ear manifests itself in mutants as abnormal hearing and vestibular function. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: This work was supported by funds from OPUS grant to Vladimir Korzh from National Science Centre (OPUS UMO-2016/21/B/N23/00354).
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