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The area under sweet corn is increasing in Poland due to increased consumption and suitability for cultivation in all regions of the country. However, sweet corn is sown on different dates in these regions. A field experiment was carried out in the years 2006-2008 at the Experimental Station in Zawady (52º03’ N; 22º33’ E). It was conducted to examine the effect of three sowing dates (26th April, 10th May and 24th May) and covering with non-woven PP on the yields of three sweet corn cultivars (Sweet Nugget F1, Rana F1 and Sheba F1). Weather conditions in 2007 and 2008 were more favourable for sweet corn growth compared with the year 2006, when high air temperatures were accompanied by very low precipitation from mid-June to late July. In 2007 and 2008, higher early, total and marketable yields were produced (by 29 and 13%, 50 and 44%, as well as 72 and 74%, respectively), and more ears were harvested (by 40- 45%), too. Moreover, with a delay in the sowing date, kernel yields harvested in these years were twice as high as in 2006, when weather conditions contributed to more rapid maturation of ears and to an increase in the percentage share of early ear yield in the total yield. What is more, over the study years, on average both the total and marketable yields of ears increased with the delayed sowing, however only in the coldest 2008 this increase was significant. Unlike in 2008, delayed sowing in 2006 caused a decline in the number of ears and kernel yield. An application of non-woven PP increased the yields, the share of early yield in the overall yield of marketable ears and the number of ears. Covering was most beneficial in cooler years for the first sowing date. The highest ear and kernel yields were obtained for ‘Sweet Nugget F1’. Differences between the cultivars were observed for the first sowing date.
A special role in improving soil fertility is ascribed to green manures. Organic manuring can also influence on the quantity and quality of vegetable yield. The secondary effect of winter catch crops (VV – hairy vetch, TR – white clover, SC – rye, LM – Italian ryegrass, BRT – turnip rape) and weed control methods on the yielding, biometric parameters of ears and selected components of nutritive value in sweet corn were examined. The effects of an application of green manures were compared to the effect of farmyard manure (FYM ) – 30 t·ha-1 – and control treatment without organic manure (NOM). Two methods of weed control were used: hand weeding and a mixture of herbicides Mustang 306 SE (florasulam + 2.4 D) + Titus 25 WG (rimsulfuron). Cultivation of sweet corn after FYM and VV most beneficially affected the crop’s yield performance, ear weight, kernel weight per ear and sugars content. Ears were the longest when harvested in FYM and VV plots and NOM whereas ear fulfillment was the best in FYM and TR plots. Ear diameter was the greatest for sweet corn cultivated after FYM, LM and BRT. The highest dry matter content was determined in kernels of corn following LM and protein content after LM, VV and TR. Ascorbic acid content increased after all the catch crops compared with FYM and NOM. When weeds had been chemically controlled, corn produced larger ears which, however, had less kernel rows compared with hand weeded plants.
The work presents the results of investigations conducted in 2004- 2007 to evaluate the residual effect of summer catch crops ploughed as green manures on productive-economic effects of sweet corn cultivation. The experiment was carried out in east-central Poland (52°03’N, 22°33’E). The following summer catch crops were grown: phacelia, amaranth, sunflower, serradella and faba bean. The catch crop seeds were sown in 2004-2006 at three dates: on the 21stJuly, 4th and 18th August. The effect of summer catch crops was compared to FYM applied at the rate of 40 t·ha-1. The catch crops biomass (roots + above ground parts) and FYM were incorporated in the third decade of October. Sweet corn seeds (6 kg·ha-1) were sown in mid-May, in the years 2005-2007, at the between – and inter- row spacing of 65 × 20 cm. Sweet corn ears were hand-harvested at the stage of milk maturity of kernels, at the turn of August and September. During the harvest marketable yield of ears (t·ha-1) and number of marketable ears per 1 ha were determined. Economic evaluation of sweet corn cultivation under diversified organic fertilization was conducted according to the standard gross margin method. The calculation was based on the 2014 prices. The highest yield and number of ears were obtained after catch crops with faba bean and phacelia sown on the 21st July and after FYM. Delaying the sowing date of catch crops resulted in a decrease in the successive yielding effect. The highest gross margin (25267.66 PLN·ha-1 and 0.56 PLN per 1 ear) and profitability index (332%) were achieved in the sweet corn cultivation after catch crop with faba bean sown on the 21st July. Compared to the plot with FYM, a higher level of gross margin and profitability index were obtained after all catch crops sown on the 21st July and the 4th August. Irrespective of investigated factors, profitability index was on a very high level amounting to 211-332%.
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