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The net photosynthetic rate (PN), the sample room CO₂ concentration (CO₂S) and the intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) in response to PAR, of C3 (wheat and bean) and C4 (maize and three-colored amaranth) plants were measured. Results showed that photorespiration (Rp) of wheat and bean could not occur at 2 % O₂. At 2 % O₂ and 0 µmol mol-1 CO₂, PN can be used to estimate the rate of mitochondrial respiration in the light (Rd). The Rd decreased with increasing PAR, and ranged between 3.20 and 2.09 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ in wheat. The trend was similar for bean (between 2.95 and 1.70 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹), maize (between 2.27 and 0.62 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹) and three-colored amaranth (between 1.37 and 0.49 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹). The widely observed phenomenon of Rd being lower than Rn can be attributed to refixation, rather than light inhibition. For all plants tested, CO₂ recovery rates increased with increasing light intensity from 32 to 55 % (wheat), 29 to 59 % (bean), 54 to 87 % (maize) and 72 to 90 % (three-colored amaranth) at 50 and 2,000 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively.
Deteriorating water quality in urban areas has drawn wide interest in China. In our study, water quality was monitored monthly during December 2009-November 2011 from 16 sites located in a trans-urban river. The spatial pattern showed that the concentrations of EC, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, BOD₅, CODcr, TP, and NH₄⁺-N were higher midstream and downstream than upstream, while measured pH and DO upstream were higher than measurements midstream and downstream. The temporal pattern showed that the concentrations of EC, TP, BOD₅, NH₄⁺-N, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺ in the wet season were lower than in the dry season, while the concentrations of CODcr in the wet season were higher than in the dry season. Receptor-based source apportionment revealed that most of the variables were influenced by domestic sewage, cropland, and woodland runoff pollution. Therefore, the best method to prevent water quality degradation is to manage the domestic sewage, cropland, and woodland runoff.
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