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Agroforestry has enormous potential for reducing the poverty, enhancing the livelihood, improving the food security and mitigating the climate change. The agroforestry suitability mapping is performed using remote sensing and GIS technology based on a similar guideline issued by FAO for Land suitability mapping.The study aims at applying the geospatial tools to various soil and environmental data in the Palamu district of Jharkhand, India, to achieve a nutrient availability and agroforestry suitability map in the open area. The Landsat satellite data, ASTER DEM and dec- adal annual rainfall data were used to generate wetness, land use/land cover (LULC), elevation, slope, and rainfall maps. The LULC map was used to identify/mask the open land where agroforestry suitability was evaluated. Various layers such as soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), organic carbon (C), pH and sulphur (S) were used to generate a nutrient availability map. The agro- forestry suitability surface was generated using the layers viz. nutrient availability, slope, wetness, rainfall and elevation through GIS integration in the ArcGIS 10.1 platform by assigning different weights to each thematic layer as per its importance. The thematic layer weight was calculated based on statistical analysis (pairwise comparisons). Finally, agroforestry suitability maps were generated in the form of high, medium and low grids with 1km x 1km spacing. We also generated a poverty map, a map for one of the complete watersheds covering a specific part of the study area and a drainage map for the whole study area to understand its relationship/ proximity to a high agroforestry suitability grid.A total of 3334 open-area grids were identified, 62% of which were found to be highly suitable for agroforestry. Furthermore, watersheds, drainage and poverty maps were evaluated based on its proximity to agroforestry suitability. The study reveals that the proximity of the high agroforestry suitability land grid towards the high poverty grid was approximately more than 80%, whereas the proximity to the drainage pattern was roughly 70%. Evaluation of the complete watershed covering part of the study area reveals that approximately 60% of the watershed area grid has the proximity of a high agroforestry suitable land grid.The high agroforestry suitability and its proximity to high poverty, drainage pattern and watershed-based analysis offer oppor- tunities for local people to use agroforestry in soil and water conservation practices, provided they are supported by adequate funds and technology, and will greatly contribute to poverty alleviation and an increase of the livelihood. The ongoing agroforestry projects can be further extended in open areas of a high agroforestry suitability grid for long-term benefits.The research findings are of great importance as the majority of people in rural areas in India suffer from poverty and too small livelihood. Therefore, India has adopted the agroforestry policy that exploits its potential. The government needs to extend and implement agroforestry projects accordingly. There is an urgent need to assess and analyse such problems and to generate a village-to-state map to better understand the potential of land for agroforestry, which would strengthen the efforts of policy makers to create better and sustainable future.
Changes in the landscape patterns have limited the range of greenery in the urban vicinity. Although urban forestry is widely recognized and practiced in developed countries, it is less known in developing countries. It is an integral part that cannot be overlooked because it enhances the quality of life and the environment for urban inhabitants and ensures the sustainable urban development. Geospatial technology has the potential to analyse and delineate suitable sites for urban forestry. For the present study we have selected one of the Indian cities, Ranchi, where rapid urbanization has altered the climate of the city by increasing the summer heat, air and noise pollution. In addition, the development of infrastructure has left very little space for the development of greenery. The study utilized Landsat OLI satellite data (30 m resolution; 2015) and analysed it for suitable locations in open spaces after digital processing. A radius of 30 km from the city centre, Firayalal chowk was analysed. Ancillary data, like an ASTER DEM (resolution 30 m) wetness map, slope, soil carbon, a drainage and urban buffer were incorporated in the GIS domain for Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA). The land surface temperature was also computed using thermal bands of Landsat 8 OLI. A suitability map which identified potential area (27% as highly suitable, 38% as moderately suitable and 35% as least suitable sites within the existing open spaces). Highly potential sites are located along the Kanke reservoir, the Harmu River, near Khelgaon and the airport. High temperatures (low vegetation and high settlement concentration) were noted within the 0-10 km buffer zone close to the city centre. Whereas low temperatures (high vegetation and low settlement concentration) were noted within the 20-30 km buffer zone, far from the city centre. Therefore, integrating satellite remote sensing data in the GIS domain helps in analysing, identifying and locating suitable sites for urban forest development and management.
The research was conducted at the Tuna Fisheries Research Station, Denpasar, Bali, in July 2018 (3 weeks duration). There were several types of high-value fish incorporated into this research: tuna, skipjack, shrimp, cob, mackerel, snapper, squid, reef fish (grouper, baronang, lobster / barong shrimp) and ornamental fish. Seaweed processing was also assessed. Benoa Fishing Port is one of the tuna landing base bases in Indonesia. It is the main port in Bali Province and ranks beside Muara Baru (Jakarta), Pelabuhan Ratu (West Java) and Cilacap (Central Java). This research aim to identified lengthweight relationship, and proportion of proper catch size of bigeye tuna. Herein, bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) was identified visually and then assessed. The first identifier is the large size of the eye. The growth pattern of big eye tuna (Thunnus obesus) landed in Benoa Fishing Portis is isometric, where the length increase is equal to weight gain (isometric positive). The length distribution of big eye tuna was in range of 81-170 cm FL (334 fishes are obtained), and the distribution of weights varied in size from 11-95 kg, with the most common catch size being in the range of 16-20 kg (95 fishes). Of note, 60% of the fish had not reached the proper catch size.
Fire events are an increasing phenomenon these days due to the climate change. It is responsible for forest degradation and habitat destruction. Changes in ecosystem processes are also noticed. The livelihood of tribal population is also threatened. Geospatial technologies along with Remotely Sensed data have enormous capability to evaluate the various diversified datasets and to examine their relationship. In this analysis, we have utilized the long term fire events at district level for the Orissa state ofIndiaand forest fire hotspots were identified. The fire pattern was analyzed with respect to the existing vegetation types, tribal population and topography to understand its association/relationship. Furthermore, it was evaluated with future climate change data for better comprehension of future forest fire scenario. The study reveals that Kandhamal, Raygada and Kalahandi district have highest fire frequency representing around 38% of the total Orissa fire events. The vegetation type “Tropical mixed deciduous and dry deciduous forests” and “Tropical lowland forests, broadleaved, evergreen, <1000m” occupy the geographical area roughly 43% whereas they retain fire percent equivalent to 70%. Approximately 70% of forest fire occurred in the area where tribal population was high to very high. The 60% of forest fire occurred where elevation was greater than500 meterswhereas 48% of fire occurred on moderate slopes.Our observation of future climate change scenario for the year 2030 reflects the increase in summer temperature and irregular rainfall pattern. Therefore, forest fire intensity will be more in future in the state of Orissa whereas it’s intensity will be more severe in few of the district such as Kandhamal, Raygada, Kalahandi and Koraput which have significantly high forest fire events in present scenario.The outcomes of the present study would certainly guide the policymakers to prepare more effective plan to protect the forest which is main source of livelihood to the tribal population keeping in mind of future climate change impact for prioritization of various districts of state of Orissa suffering from forest fires.
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Jurassic rhynchonellide brachiopods from the Jordan Valley are herein revised and new taxa are added to the faunal list. In this study of Jurassic rhynchonellides from Wadi Zarqa, northwestern Jordan, we recognize the following taxa: Eurysites rotundus, Cymatorhynchia quadriplicata, Daghanirhynchia triangulata, D. angulocostata, Pycnoria magna, Schizoria elongata, and Schizoria cf. intermedia. The following new taxa are described: Daghanirhynchia susanae sp. nov. and Amydroptychus markowitzi sp. nov. The Middle Jurassic Mughanniyya Formation of northwest Jordan is dominated by limestone beds. The sedimentary environment is interpreted as neritic, light, and nutrient−rich resulting in high faunal diversity. The high rhynchonellide endemism of this fauna is yet another confirmation of pronounced Middle Jurassic endemism along the southern Tethyan margin of the Ethiopian Province. Brachiopods of the Jordanian Mughanniyya Formation can be correlated with the fauna of the Aroussiah Formation in Sinai and the Zohar and Matmor formations in Southern Israel.
The northeast monsoon season (NEMS), which occurs between November and March every year, brings heavy rains and strong wind to the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Large sediment resuspension during this season is caused by high waves and river discharge carried by the river to the sea. Sediment is defined in this research as both organic and inorganic materials. Remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) of the Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 667 nm channel is used in this study as a Total Suspended Sediment (TSS) index. The data was acquired from Aqua satellite with 9 km resolution. The study was conducted along the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia over the period of 2002-2012. The result shows that TSS along the Peninsular Malaysia coastline and the river mouth is highly seasonal. The highest TSS is observed during NEMS with the peak value in November-December every year.
A reversible effect of pH on the ionization of amino-acid residues at the active center of choline oxidase was observed near the optimum pH (8). Inactivation of choline oxidase took place in the pH ranges 3–6 and 9–11, in which irreversible changes in the structure occur leading to the enzyme inactivation. The first order rate constants of the enzyme’s inactivation at various pH values were estimated for the irreversible changes. The Arrhenius analysis revealed no significant changes in the activation enthalpy, while an increase in the activation entropy reflected an increase in the conformational freedom.
Aquaculture practices are considered a profitable business and are gaining popularity in Pakistan. Small farmers produce a sizeable amount of fish. The fish waste removed at the farm level and/or fishermen’s end is utilized with low economic return. Fish waste produced at the farm level generally is causing environmental pollution as well. A very small amount of fish waste is used to extract the oil using crude heating technology, which is unacceptable, uneconomical, and unhygienic. Extracted oil from wastes of aquatic resources is used as raw material for production of biodiesel around the world. In view of this scenario, a study was conducted to design and develop an indigenous small-scale fishoil extraction unit. A batch-type oil extraction unit is designed in this study, which further evaluated the performance of the developed unit. The extraction unit consists of a crusher, cooker, and centrifuge system. The crusher and centrifuge system were equipped with 2 hp and 1 hp electric motors, respectively. The motor has a revolution capacity of about 1,450 rpm. A double jacket fully water-filled system is proposed with an agitator installed in the cooker. A 1 hp electric motor was provided to operate an agitator at 40 rmp. The centrifuge unit has a double screening mechanism. The extraction unit is tested at a small fish farm near Muzaffargarh, Punjab, Pakistan. The fish oil is successfully separated from fish wastes with the help of a newly designed small-scale oil extraction unit. The tests showed that 90 minutes is required to process one batch of fish waste. The extraction unit has the capacity to process 15-20 kg of fish waste in a single batch. Research for producing bio-fuels from extracted fish oil is at its initial stages and there is a substantial need for further research to study the other economic issues related to bio-fuels and evaluate the oil extraction unit.
The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the potential of chitosan alone and in combination with various agricultural wastes for the management of rootknot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on eggplant cv. ‘BR-112’ under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that chitosan as a single or joint treatment with agricultural wastes significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced root-knot indices, and the nematode population in soil. As a result, of this, the growth and growth yielding attributes of eggplant were remarkably augmented. Chitosan as an elicitor induced plant mediated systemic resistance against M. incognita in eggplant. The results of the study demonstrated that maximum reduction in eggmass/root, eggs/eggmasses, nematode population and root-knot indices, was acquired by the treatments: chitosan + onion and chitosan + mentha. It was followed by chitosan + Brassica, chitosan + urad and chitosan + coconut whereas, chitosan combined with corn cob waste was found to be the least effective when compared to the control. The application of chitosan alone was effective but not very satisfactory. Compared to the control applications of all the treatments significantly increased plant growth in terms of length, fresh and dry weights, pollen fertility, yield and biochemical parameters such as chlorophyll, carotenoid content and antioxidant enzymes. This may have been due to the eliciting activity of chitosan, causing systemic resistance in the plant and the release of various toxic chemical compounds during decomposition which have lethal effects against the second stage juveniles of M. incognita and nematode multiplication.
Effect of altitude on leaf responses in Phleum himalaicum populations was evaluated at three different elevation levels, viz. (Low 1200 m.a.s.l.), middle (1600 m a.s.l.) and high (1900 m a.s.l.) in western part of Himalaya. We hypothesized that physico-chemical properties of soil varied along elevation and Phleum populations located at high elevation would adapt more distinct morphological and physiological traits than those originating from middle and low elevation sites. Our study revealed that soil pH, Ec Mg, Ca, and P decreased at high elevation however, significant increase was recorded in soil K, organic matter, and total nitrogen along the elevation gradient. A significant correlation between leaf characteristics and elevation sites was recorded along the gradient. The outcomes of this study showed that highland population had better adjustments under low temperature and exhibited adaptive traits. These were, decreased number of leaves and leaf area, increased leaf blade thickness, intensive sclerification, and greater stomatal and trichome density. Apart from these, high elevation population had more physiological adjustment in terms of low stomatal conductance, low transpiration rate, high water use efficiency, and synthesis of more osmolytes in leaf. We argued that certain level of sugar and protein must be attained by high population to dodge the aggressive climatic forces in order to grow successfully at the highest elevation. Furthermore, altitude between 1600 and 1900 m was more likely an optimum zone for vigorous growth of P. himalaicum at the highest level of elevation.
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