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The present investigation describes the effects of 24-epibrassinolide on plant growth, copper uptake and bioconcentration factor in the plants of Brassica junceaL. cv. PBR 91 under Cu metal stress. The study revealed that there was an improvement in the shoot emergence and plant biomass production under the influence of pre-germination treatment of 24-epibrassinolide (24-epiBL). In addition, 24-epiBL blocked copper metal uptake and accumulation in the plants.
The morphological characterization was carried out for 5 isolates of Trichoderma harzianum and 7 isolates of Trichoderma viride and tested for their biocontrol efficacy. The isolates belonging to T.harzianum were analogous in colony colour, culture smell, mycelial colour, conidiation, conidial shape, conidial wall and conidial colour. Correspondingly the isolates of T.viride showed certain similarity in colony colour, colony edge, culture smell, conidiophore branching, conidial wall, conidial colour and chlamydospores. Inter specific differences through cluster analysis based on morphological characters grouped the twelve isolates into three major clusters where all the isolates of T.harzianum formed a single cluster while the isolates of T.viride were bifurcated into two groups. The clustering was substantiated by similarity index which showed maximum similarity among T.harzianum isolates with only less than 20% variation among themselves. Similarly the clusters having isolates of T.viride also had less variation within them. The biocontrol efficacy of these twelve isolates of Trichoderma was experimented by dual culture test under laboratory condition and there existed some relation between the biocontrol efficacy of these isolates and morphology.
The effects of 28-homobrassinolide (28-homoBL) on seedling growth, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activities in the seedlings of Zea mays L. (var. Partap-1) under salt (NaCl) stress were studied. The surface-sterilized seeds were germinated in petriplates containing different concentrations of NaCl (25, 50, 75 and 100 mM) only, 28-homoBL (10⁻⁷, 10⁻⁹ and 10⁻¹¹ M) only and NaCl supplemented with 28-homoBL for 7 days. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), guaiacol peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APOX, EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) were analysed in 7 day-old seedlings. It was observed that 28-homoBL treatments reduced the toxicity of salt on seedling growth considerably. Lipid peroxidation level was significantly increased under saline stress, but lowered with 28-homoBL applications revealing less oxidative damage. Further 28-homoBL treatments to the seedlings showed an enhancement in activities of SOD, POD, CAT and APOX. The activities of all antioxidative enzymes were further increased in seedlings treated with solution containing 28-homoBL and salt together as compared to seedlings treated with different concentration of salt solution only.
Anthracnose disease symptoms were observed on Jasminum grandiflorum. The spots were dark red and mostly irregular shaped lesions on leaves. Acervuli containing masses of spores and dark setae were observed within lesions. The fungus after purification was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. This is the first report from India and elsewhere showing that C. gloeosporioides causes anthracnose on J. grandiflorum.
Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrheal illness mainly in children and immunocompromised adults. Disease severity ranges from asymptomatic or self-limited gastroenteritis to acute or chronic diarrhoea which may be associated with systemic features. Intracellular viruses that reside in many parasites have been incriminated in pathogenesis of diseases like trichomoniasis, leishmaniasis etc. Thus we attempted to detect and quantitate the intracellular viruses in Cryptosporidium isolates and sought to seek a relationship if any, with clinical features. Cryptosporidia in stool samples from immunocompromised patients and children were identified by microscopy and species differentiated by PCR-RFLP of 18s rRNA; further subgenotyped by sequencing of GP60 region. Copy number of dsRNA virus and 18srRNA was calculated in 56 Cryptosporidium isolates (39 C. hominis and 17 C. parvum). Viral copy number per oocyst was calculated as ratio of dsRNA virus copy number to 18s rRNA copy number. Viruses were detected in all the isolates. Mean CSpV/RNA ratio was 0.17±0.4 for C. hominis isolates compared with 0.12±0.11 for C. parvum isolates, however this difference was not statistically significant. Similarly no association of diarrhoea, vomiting, cough and fever was found with either CSpV copy number or with CSpV/rRNA ratio.
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of steroidal plant hormones which are essential for growth and development of plants. These hormones affect plant growth and development through a spectrum of physiological responses. Recent reports showed their stress-protective, antiviral, antitumor and antigenotoxic potential. In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate 24-Epibrassinolide from 30-days-old Brassica juncea L. plants which was characterized by ESI–MS analysis. The ESI–MS analysis of isolated Brassinolide was compared with the standard 24-Epibrassinolide, which confirmed its MS/MS fragmentation pattern. Various concentrations of the isolated brassinosteroid were given as pre-sowing treatment to the seeds of B. juncea for 8 h. The pre-treated seeds were then raised in experimental pots containing different concentrations of nickel ion. After 30 days, plants were harvested and analyzed for growth parameters, ion uptake and antioxidant defense system. It was observed that pre-treatment of isolated 24-Epibrassinolide lowered the Ni ion uptake in plants and improved growth. The amelioration of Ni toxicity was also observed by the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The in vitro cytotoxicity of natural 24-Epibrassinolide against different cancer cell lines was checked by employing sulphorhodamine bioassay and it revealed significant inhibition in the lung cancer cell line.
Background. Prevalence and practices of tobacco usage in India are diverse and incongruent and Government of India has enacted various laws to overcome this burden. To make tobacco control measures effective and powerful, WHO introduced MPOWER in 2004 and India was one of the first countries that implemented the MPOWER. Objective. This study is aimed to quantify the implementation of MPOWER tobacco control policies in India. Material and Methods. In this retrospective analysis, data was gathered from the WHO MPOWER of India from 2015 to 2021. This analysis was based on the checklist which was designed previously by Iranian and international tobacco control specialists in their study on tobacco control. Results. In the present comparative analysis, India was categorized by scores and these were acquired from each indicator for each activity and 2021 year got the highest scores as compared to the previous year scores i.e. 27 in 2015. In context to individual indicators, noticeable increase in scores has been seen in both health warning on cigarette packages and adult daily smoking prevalence, whereas no progress was observed in smoking related policies. Conclusion. Although MPOWER programmes are widely accepted by the Indian government, but still substantial improvement in fewer sections is required.
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