Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an arylesterase associated with serum high density lipoprotein particles. Its name is derived from hydrolyzing one of several organophosphate compounds, namely paraoxon. Recent studies have shown that PON1 plays a protective role in diseases associated with oxidative stress such as atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Studies have demonstrated reduction-oxidative state changes involving PON1 in humans and laboratory animal models. Although there is less information about the role of this enzyme in veterinary medicine, new data suggest that PON1 might be a new oxidative stress marker in animal patients, similarly to humans.
We investigated the measurement of paraoxonase 1 (PON1), as a potential marker of redox state changes in dairy cows, its involvement in lipid metabolism and compared it with superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity changes. We also evaluated lipid metabolism parameters associated with dairy production. PON1 paraoxonase and arylesterase acitvities, SOD activity, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), uric acid (UA), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were measured in Holstein-Friesian, Polish Red and Norwegian breeds serum in two production cycles. Our data showed a significant postpartum depletion in PON1 activity and lipoprotein and lipid products concentrations, with elevated BHB values. However, there were no significant changes in SOD activity and uric acid concentrations in Holstein-Friesian and Polish Red breeds after calving. At lactation peak there was a significant SOD activity decrease correlated with standardized PON1 activity depletion in all examined breeds. The results suggest that PON1 might be a better parameter for minimal redox state changes in serum, shortly after labour in the examined breeds.
Bovine hyperkeratosis is a polyetiologic disease that is increasingly widespread at high milk yielding dairy farms. Clinical manifestation is characterized by focal skin lesions with distinct borders. A clinical study and observation were carried out on 26 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. During the initial phase of the condition, the skin of the affected cows was itchy, hence the animals tended to lick the skin lesions, or else rub against surrounding objects, with the resultant formation of single spots of raised coat and skin flaking resembling dandruff. These changes appeared on the posterolateral upper sides of the pelvic limbs and around the vulva. Distinct thickening of the wrinkled skin was observed as a result of excessive growth of the epidermis. The superficial part of the skin on major portions of the lesions was dry, corrugated and covered with numerous scales. The epidermis was dry, thickened and rough, with cracks showing the reddened dermal layer. When touched, the animals reacted as if in pain. The disease generally progressed into a chronic condition. In the studied cases, histopathological examination confirmed hyperkeratosis with widened hair follicle infundibulums filled with keratin, the swelling of sweat glands, epithelial atrophy of sweat glands, infiltration of inflammatory cells between and around blood vessels, and massive expansion of keratinized layers of the epidermis. The content of both calcium and magnesium as well as copper, zinc, iron and manganese in grain, roughage, mineral mixtures and in other feeds met the requirements of dairy cows. Blood biochemistry profiles revealed only slightly lower serum calcium values, while zinc values were within the reference range. However, the zinc concentration in skeletal muscles and in the skin was reduced. The mean serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the tested animals was also somewhat decreased. Adverse environmental factors such as direct skin contact with faeces and urine as well as zinc deficiency in the cows’ tissues were significant factors in the formation of skin lesions characteristic for hyperkeratosis.
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