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The history of research on tree species of alien origin began in Germany at the beginning of the nineteenth century, when chancellor Bismarck inspired by information about John Booth – who introduced Douglas fir into Europe – became closely interested in that subject matter (North American trees species were characterised by extraordinary productivity). On 15th June 1880, Bernhard Danckelmann – director of the Forest Academy in Eberswalde – was instructed to work out a detailed scheme of the whole system of forest experimental plots. Adam Schwappach was recruited to Eberswalde in 1886 by Bernhard Danckelmann and was to manage the project. Thanks to that, the forest research institute in Eberswalde has today a one of a kind system of permanent experimental plots including 32 species of alien trees originating mainly from North America (26 species), but also from the Caucasus (1), the Balkans (1) and the Japanese archipelago (4). This paper describes the main objects of research on selected alien species (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata, Chamæcyparis lawsoniana, Chamæcyparis pisifera, Tsuga heterophylla) at the Eberswalde Institute and discusses their most significant results from the point of view of a silviculture-expert. One element of particular importance within this analysis is the comparison of productivity of the researched species in relation to yield tables for Scots pine. Experiments concerning the productivity and usefulness of important tree species of alien origin for different scenarios of climate change (dangerous for the natural environment of Central Europe), have been conducted for over 130 years and the results of those experiments are a further subject of this paper.
There are no original local yield tables for Douglas fir stands grown in Poland. In the presented study we attempted to answer the question whether it is possible to successfully use the German yield tables for Douglas fir developed by Bergel [1985]. Based on the data from these yield tables we developed the height growth model (site index curves) for Douglas fir in the form of the polymorphic equation with variable asymptotes. This model appeared to be, as expected, far better than the anamorphic model. We applied the elaborated equation for calculation of the site index for 63 randomly selected research plots located on the typical Douglas fir habitat types (fresh mixed broadleaved forest and fresh broadleaved forest) in western Poland. We concluded that the mean site index values are significantly higher in younger stands than in the older ones. To determine the reason for this phenomenon, we tested the resulting model using the published data from the permanent research plots. We found out that the pattern of site index changes with age varies for stands in different age classes. Moreover, we noticed, that regardless the age of the stand, in the recent decades there is the increasing height growth rate, which can be attributed to the change in environmental conditions. On the other hand, the analysis of the other characteristics of the sample plots revealed, that there is no significant relationship between site index values and site and plot location, as well as between the productivity level, expressed by the value of the EN coefficient, and age class, site and location of the stand. Bergel yield tables can be used in Polish conditions taking into account the age−dependency of the site index values.
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