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Heterochroneous parallellism in the evolution of different lines of platform conodonts from the Ladinian of German Basin and the Norian of the Tethys has been recognized. In both cases similar aberrant types, were gradually produced. The platform conodonts disappeared much earlier than the branched ones in both areas, which is interpreted by a higher survivorship of the latter, less specialized forms.
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A monospecific continuum of populations of the conodont genus Gondolella occurs in a 23 m thick limestone set at the Anisian/Ladinian boundary in the southwest margin of the Holy Cross Mts, Poland. The change in distribution of morphological characteristics of the platform element is gradual and consists in an increase in contribution of morphologically juvenile stages to the fossil populations. Purely ecological interpretation of this trend as a continuous change in population dynamics is refuted. The trend reflects a true evolution. The other elements of the apparatus Gondotella do not undergo any significant changes, except possibly for the pl element ("Enantiognathus"). Time span separating fossil populations with non-overlapping standard-deviation ranges of diagnostic features sets actually the limit to recognition of temporal subspecies. This is also the limit to precision of biostratigraphic zonation based upon temporal taxa. It is here proposed to introduce a nomenclatorial difference between temporal and geographical (or biological) subspecies by insertion of a dash between specific and subspecific names.
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Cope's rule concerns only the radiation phase of a clade, overlooking the phase of the clade decline; thus it is incomplete. Changes of body size during the entire evolutionary history of a clade are exemplified here by three trilobite groups - Ptychopariina, Asaphina and Phacopida. Increasing diversity of the clade is associated with increase in maximum body size during the radiation phase, and decreasing diversity is generally associated with a decrease in maximum body size. Two basic patterns of the maximum body size changes are observed during the decline of the clade. The first one is characterized by a high correlation between diversity and the maximum body size, and indicative of species attrition that is nonselective with respect to the body size. The second one is characterized by a weak correlation between diversity and maximum body size, and typical of selective species attrition in relation to size.
This paper reports on the evolution of ammonoids belonging to the family Tornoceratidae from the Devonian of Janczyce in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Steady and gradual changes in conch morphology of the goniatite lineage Phoenixites frechi–Tornoceras subacutum–T. sublentiforme occurred in concert with water shallowing during the deposition of the Lower Famennian cephalopod limestone. Biometric analysis of ammonoid conch and facies analysis of the cephalopod limestones have been applied to assess the possible relationship between shell geometry and environmental changes. Results show that ratios of whorl width / diameter as well as whorl width / whorl height decreased, while distance from the venter to the greatest whorl width / diameter increased with time, thereby reducing hydrodynamic drag of the shells, probably in response to increasing water turbulence. The interpretation presented here is in agreement with similar cases from the literature. However, this kind of environmentally controlled evolution has hitherto been recognized only in Jurassic and Cretaceous ammonoids. Conch morphology may be considered as an indicator of palaeobathymetry.
Foraminifers, sponge spicules, conodonts, and holothurian sclerites are recognized in the Korytnica Limestones at Liptovská Osada (West Carpathians, Slovakia). Five new holothurian sclerite species are erected, namely Eocaudina liptovskaensis sp.n., Kuehnites slovakensis sp.n., Praecaudina mostleri sp.n., Theelia liptovskaensis sp.n., and Theelia trammeri sp.n. The Korytnica Limestones are assigned to the Lower Carnian (Cordevolian), basing upon the entire microfossil assemblage. The Korytnica Limestones are also demonstrated to be time equivalent to the Upper Cassian Beds of the Dolomites.
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