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It is recognized that in cattle there are two physiological, yet morphologically different, forms of corpora lutea (CL): homogeneous ones and those with a cavity. Because of its resemblance to a luteal cyst, a corpus luteum with a cavity may be a significant diagnostic problem. In this article, the author aims to present essential historical and current knowledge of this form of the corpus luteum, from the first analyses in which it was discovered, through extensive CL population studies of the late twentieth century, to theories prevailing in recent years. The conception rates reported by authors cited in this text are compared for both homogeneous and cavitary CL. The article also gives the percentage of cavitary CL in the population, their mean size and concentrations of progesterone secreted. The relationship between the occurrence of CL with a cavity and cows’ fertility is described. The article also presents criteria suggested for the size classification of cavitary CL and the most important information about the occurrence of cavitary CL.
The aim of the study was to present the scale of use, risk factors and possibilities, which sorter semen gives in biotechnics used in reproduction of cattle. Modern sorters allow for the evaluation of 6 million X and Y spermatozoa per hour. Sex-sorted semen, which is commercially used, contains 2.1 × 106 of spermatozoa. It is used mostly in AI of milk heifers, mainly in large cattle herds. Sorted semen containing Y spermatozoa is sold less often in the world than the one with X spermatozoa. The percentage of the desired sex of the young is higher than 90. The pregnancy rate after application of sorted semen is about 20–25% lower than after insemination of non-sorted semen and depends on a number of factors. The main factors are: breed of female, service number, the herd of origin, the depth of semen deposition, the bull producing semen, ambient temperature and technical parameters during sperm sorting. A number of methods have been developed to improve conception rate, including timed artificial insemination (TAI) and synchronization of heat and ovulation. Results of donor inseminations with the use of sorter semen are presented, with the lower percentage of embryos suitable for the transfer and embryos of the highest quality highlighted. Previous studies do not indicate a reduction of the conception rate after the transfer of embryos obtained in vitro and in vivo after fertilization using sorted semen. It remains difficult to justify a significant increase in the frequency of stillbirths of bulls after using sorted sperm. Similarly, 16% of stillbirths of bulls were observed after embryo transfer, when donors were inseminated with sorter semen. The percentage of stillbirths of bulls after embryo transfer with the use of conventional semen is 9%. The sorted semen is not often used for inseminations in pigs, sheep and goats.
An objective analysis of the horse’s movement is used to evaluate the usefulness of the horse for practical purposes and serves as a prognostic tool for predicting the horse’s sports performance, functional development, and potential pathological conditions. Based on a literature review, this paper presents current biomechanical principles of the translational and rotational movements of the horse’s body parts as the grounds for a kinematic analysis of the horse’s movement. The kinematic analysis involves the evaluation of time-space, linear, and angular parameters (linear and angular kinematic). The symmetric, regular, temporal, and repeatable translocation of the horse’s body parts is ensured by the synchronization of internal forces generated by muscles and gravity, acting by levers of the horse’s skeleton, which cause rotational movements around the centers of joint rotation. The principle of a torque equilibrium has become the basis for establishing the physiological normal values in movement evaluation methods. The article presents all currently known methods of kinematic evaluation of the horse’s movement along with their critical interpretation. The authors describe their own assumptions for the construction of behavioral screening equipment for the analysis of the horse’s movement and vital activity measurements.
Early pregnancy diagnosis in ruminants, especially in high production herds, is one of the most important components of reproduction management. Reducing the time between insemination and the exclusion or confirmation of pregnancy is of major economic importance. That is why the traditional method of pregnancy examination by transrectal palpation is increasingly complemented by additional tests, such as ultrasonography. An alternative to these methods of pregnancy diagnosis are also simple field tests. The best known are tests for progesterone and estrone sulphate concentrations. Over the last few years, the measuring of pregnancyassociated glycoproteins (PAGs) has also been gaining popularity. In cattle, this method can be used as early as the 28th day of pregnancy, when the plasma concentration of PAGs exceeds 1ng/ml. Maximum values of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins are observed about day 240 after fertilization. After calving, their level quickly decreases. In sheep, the concentration of PAGs increases significantly in the 3rd and 4th weeks of gestation and reaches its maximum level around the 9th week. In goats, the concentration of PAGs differs between races, but its measurement can be quite a reliable indirect method of pregnancy diagnosis. The PAGs value in this species grows until about the 8th week after insemination and, depending on the breed, reaches a maximum value of 50 to 69 ng/ml. One limitation for the use of PAGs field tests may be false positives which occur after the death of the embryo. Similarly, an increased PAGs concentration can persists for up to about 70 days after calving. Moreover, the PAGs concentration is also affected by the health, age and milk production of the female. The advantages of field tests are the simplicity of performance, the ease of reading and interpreting the results and the short time needed to complete the entire procedure. Field tests based on the commonly used ELISA method are characterized by low invasiveness (blood, milk), combined with high sensitivity and specificity. Their rapid application under field conditions makes them an excellent extension of diagnostic capabilities, especially in large herds of cows.
Early diagnosis of pregnancy in cattle is an important factor determining the profitability of breeding. It can shorten the intercalving period by accelerating the next insemination procedure or diagnosing the cause of infertility. Palpation of the reproductive system per rectum is a method used for more than 100 years. It involves palpation of the uterine horns to detect the fetal vesicle, fetus water and the embryo itself. The earliest time when the fetal bladder can be detected is the 28th day after insemination in heifers or the 32nd-35th day in multiparous cows. The method is fast and cheap, it does not require additional equipment, and the result is immediate. An effective examination by this method is not easy and requires theoretical and practical preparation. The method also involves the risk of causing fetal damage, resulting in the loss of pregnancy and deterioration in the cow’s well-being. An upgrade of the method is the introduction of ultrasound rectal examination, which increases the efficiency of diagnosis and shortens the time from insemination to examination. Despite its long history, the diagnosis of early pregnancy by rectal examination has not lost its importance or popularity. Although new methods of diagnosing pregnancy continue to be introduced in today’s practice, they do not diminish the importance of rectal palpitation.
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