Traditional carp farming in Poland as an example of sustainable animal production. Aquaculture is a very fast developing branch of food production, app. 9% per year. However, this fast development, usually focused only on one species being involved, might be very harmful for environment. As a result of growing concern regarding mainly ecological damages caused by aquaculture a concept of sustainable development in aquaculture was elaborated and set out with suggestion to be introduced into practice in upcoming future. A very good example for sustainable aquaculture is traditional carp production in earthen ponds in Poland. Carp ponds have very positive influence on environment as they accumulate large amount of biogens from supplying waters, creates very good habitats for many fauna and flora species. Ponds are also very well accepted by inhabitants, produce very good quality consumable fish and great amount of restocking material for lakes, rivers and other waters. But economic viability is the "week point" of traditional pond aquaculture now and should be strengthen.
In 1991-1995 the incidence of Salmonella infection was studied in poultry from chicken farms in the Warsaw, Ciechanów, Siedlce and Radom voivodeships. Since 1994 infections with Salmonella enteritidis have been increasing dramatically. This serotype was most commonly isolated in chickens under 3 days of age, which suggests transovarian transmission from infected breeder flocks. Chemioterapeutic susceptibility patterns have been monitored in Salmonella strains including Salmonella enteritidis isolated in the years 1994 and 1995. The percentage of resistance in Salmonella sp. was as follows: amoxycylin 81.6% in 1994 and 56.8% in 1995, neomycin 16% in 1994 and 26.2% in 1995, terramycin 48% in 1994 and 71.9% in 1995, enrofloxacin 6.1% in 1994 and 34.2% in 1995. The common use of antibiotic leads to a resistance tendency of isolated strains of Salmonella.
In order to examine dynamics of the growth of anaerobic flora in large intestines of newly hatched chicks three experimental groups were formed. The first group of the birds received no feed for 60 h, the second one had a free access to a standard feed, and the chicks of the third group, besides the feeding, were individually provided per os with 1 dose of a preparation containing the normal gut flora (NGF). lt was demonstrated that feeding and treatment with the NGF preparation had a positive effect on the colonization and growth of the anaerobie flora in large intestines. The highest concentration of anaerobes (10⁸ CFU/g of the intestinal content) after 12, 36 and 60 h was found in large intestines of the birds receiving feed and NGF preparation. Treatment of the newly hatched chicks with a determined and specific intestinal flora acts as a physical and physiological barrier limiting the colonizing action of undesired and pathogenic bacteria.
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