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Relationships of darkling beetles in the subfamily Phrenapatinae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) are poorly known. Meaningful comparative studies are hampered by the fact that morphological structures of adults typically used for assessing relationships within Tenebrionidae cannot be used successfully in this group because they are either absent or extremely reduced. The pupal stage of twelve species in eight genera of Phrenapatinae is presented here. A description (or redescription) is given for each species. An identification key to the known Phrenapatinae pupae of the world is included. The usefulness of pupal characters to test generic and tribal limits within the subfamily is assessed. Preliminary results based on an assessment of pupal structures indicate that the current tribal classification needs to be reassessed.
New data on the little-studied darkling beetle subfamily Phrenapatinae is given for the Afrotropical Region. The following new taxa are described and included into a key to the Phrenapatinae species of southern Africa: Archaeoglenes ruthmuelleraesp. nov. from the Republic of South Africa and the Republic of Mozambique, Endroeditagalusgen. nov.ongoyussp. nov. from the Republic of South Africa and Endroeditagalusgen. nov.ntsubanussp. nov. from the Republic of South Africa. New distributional data is incorporated into a checklist of the Afrotropical Phrenapatinae fauna.
The nomenclatural status of three darkling beetle species previously described under the name Helops gracilis, by Fisher von Waldheim in 1823, Küster in 1850 and Bland in 1864, is clarified. The status of a fourth species, a misidentification of Helops gracilis Küster by Allard (1876,1877) and Seidlitz (1896), is also discussed. The following new nomenclatural acts are included: Helops gracilis Fisher von Waldheim, 1823 is recognized as Odocnemis (Heloponotus) gracilis (Fisher von Waldheim, 1823) comb. nov. (from Helops)', Catomus kuesteri (Weise, 1878) comb. nov. (from Helops) is the valid name for Helops gracilis Küster, 1850; Helops blandi Bousquet and Bouchard, nom. nov. is proposed for Helops gracilis Bland, 1864. Odocnemis perplexus (Ménétriés, 1848) is considered a new synonym of Odocnemis gracilis (Fisher de Waldheim, 1823) and Catomus dichrous Reitter, 1902 as a new synonym of Catomus kuesteri (Weise, 1878). Lectotypes are designated for Helops gracilis Fischer von Waldheim, 1823, H. gracilis Bland, 1864 and H. seidlitzi Gebien, 1911.
A synoptic classification of the Tenebrionidae is presented. The family is divided into 10 subfamilies, 96 tribes and 61 subtribes. A catalogue containing 319 family-group names based on 266 genera is also included. Each family-group name entry includes data on original spelling and type genus. All references associated with family-group and genus-group names were examined (except where indicated otherwise) and listed in the bibliography. Current usage of family-group and genus- group names were preserved, when possible, to promote stability of the classification. A summary of the required changes of family-group names in Tenebrionidae is presented in a tabular format. The following family-group names were based on preoccupied type genera and are therefore invalid: Anisocerini Reitter, Apolitina Seidlitz, Calcariens Mulsant, Cisteleniae Latreille, Cnemodini Horn, Dysantinae Gebien, Eutélides Lacordaire, Hétéroscélites Solier, Omocratates Mulsant and Rey, Pachycerina Skopin, Pandantes Mulsant and Rey, Phanerotomina Koch and Phylacides Lacordaire. The following family-group names were proposed in a vernacular form and not subsequently Latinized and are therefore unavailable: Alégoriides Lacordaire, Autocérides Lacordaire, Camarides Chenu and Desmarest, Cardiosites Deyrolle, Cnemeplatiites Jacquelin DuVal, Cylindrothorides Lacordaire, Dilamites Jacquelin DuVal, Dissonomites Jacquelin DuVal, Embaphionides Lacordaire, Eutomides Lacordaire, Gnathocérites Jacquelin DuVal, Héliopathaires Mulsant, Héliopathates Mulsant and Rey, Hypéropides Lacordaire, Isocérates Mulsant and Rey, Macropodites Solier, Micrositates Mulsant and Rey, Phobéliides Lacordaire, Onychosites Deyrolle, Pachyptérites Jacquelin DuVal, Sitophagiens Mulsant, Trachynotides Brullé and Trigonopaires Mulsant and Rey. The following names were proposed after 1930 without a description or definition and are therefore unavailable: Anaedini Skopin, Ectromopsini Antoine, Eupsophulites Kwieton, Hoplocephalini Kwieton, Praogenini Ferreira, Stenotrichinae Blaisdell, Thesileini Kaszab and Xanthomini Antoine. The following changes were implemented based on the Principle of Priority (with the junior synonym in parentheses): Adelostomini (= Eurychorini), Amphidorini (= Eleodini), Centriopterini (= Cryptoglossini), Cnodalonini (= Coelometopini), Edrotini (= Eurymetopini), Eurynotini (= Oncotini), Melambiini (= Litoborini), Sepidiini (= Molurini), Stenochiinae (= Coelometopinae), Stenochiini (= Strongyliini), Xystropodina (= Lystronychina). Supporting references are given for the preservation of the tribe name Pycnocerini nom. protectum, which is given precedence over Chiroscelini nom. oblitum. Dysantina Gebien, 1922 [type genus: Dysantes Pascoe, 1871; not Foerster, 1868: Hymenoptera] is replaced by Eudysantina nom. nov. [type genus: Eudysantes nom. nov. for Dysantes Pascoe]. The subfamily Palorinae Matthews, 2003 is downgraded to a tribe (Palorini stat. nov.) and placed in the subfamily Tenebrioninae. Neopsectropinae Kaszab, 1941 syn. nov. = Ulomini Blanchard, 1845. Rhipidandri LeConte, 1862 syn. nov. and Eutomides Lacordaire, 1866 syn. nov. = Bolitophagini Kirby, 1837. Dejean (1834) is recognized as the author of the following genera for the first time: Epiphysa, Leichenum, Leptodes, Microzoum and Sclerum. Scleron Hope, 1840 syn. nov. = Sclerum Dejean, 1834. Sepedonastes Gistel, 1856 syn. nov. = Phaleria Latreille, 1802. Sepedonastes bimaculatus Herbst, 1799 is designated as the type species of Sepedonastes. Isocerus Dejean, 1821 is a junior homonym of Isocerus Illiger, 1802: Cerambycidae. Neoisocerus nom. nov. is proposed as the replacement name for Isocerus Dejean, 1821. Supporting references are included for the preservation of the genus name Strongylium Kirby, 1819 nom. protectum, which is given precedence over Strongylium Ditmar, 1809: Protozoa nom. oblitum under Article 23.9.
This paper deals with nomenclatural problems in family-group and genus- group names in Palaearctic Tenebrionidae. Triboliini, Amarygmini and Mycetocharina were first made available in Faunula monacensis cantharologica (Gistel, 1848). Neopachypterina nomen novum is proposed as a replacement name for Pachypterina Medvedev, 1968 which is based on a junior homonym. The type genus of this subtribe is Neopachypterus nomen novum (replacement name for Pachypterus Lucas, 1846, not Swainson, 1839: Pisces). The available namelmatismus Dejean, 1834 is given priority over Himatismus Erichson, 1843 and Curimosphena Gebien, 1920. A list of new combinations for Imatismus is given. References are given to preserve the usage of Erodiini Bilberg, 1820, Epitragini Blanchard, 1845, Adesmiini Lacordaire, 1859, Metaclisa Jacquelin du Val, 1861 and Pachyscelis Solier, 1836 which are threatened by recently discovered older names.
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