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Organic extracts of six urine samples from children treated with nitisinone, a medicine against tyrosinemia type I, were investigated by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy. The presence of unchanged 2-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]cyclohexane-1,3-dione (NTBC), 6-hydroxy-2-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]cyclohexane-1,3-dione (NTBC-OH) and 2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid (NTFA) as well as a few other unidentified compounds containing CF3 group was documented.
High-resolution  1H NMR spectroscopy of body fluids has proved to be very useful in diagnostics of inherited metabolic diseases, whereas  13C NMR remains almost unexploited. In this paper the application of  13C NMR spectroscopy of fivefold concentrated urine samples for diagnosis of selected metabolic diseases is reported. Various marker metabolites were identified in test urine samples from 33 patients suffering from 10 different diseases, providing information which could be crucial for their diagnoses. Spectra were accumulated for 2 h or overnight when using spectrometers operating at 9.4 or 4.7 T magnetic fields, respectively. Interpretation of the measurement results was based on a comparison of the peak positions in the measured spectrum with reference data. The paper contains a table with  13C NMR chemical shifts of 73 standard compounds. The method can be applied individually or as an auxiliary technique to  1H NMR or any other analytical method.
Creatine deficiency syndromes are a newly described group of inborn errors of creatine synthesis (arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency) and of creatine transport (creatine transporter (CRTR) deficiency). The common clinical feature of creatine deficiency syndromes is mental retardation and epilepsy suggesting main involve­ment of cerebral gray matter. The typical biochemical abnormality of creatine defi­ciency syndromes is cerebral creatine deficiency, which is demonstrated by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Measurement of guanidinoacetate in body fluids may discriminate between the GAMT (high concentration), AGAT (low concen­tration) and CRTR (normal concentration) deficiencies. Further biochemical charac­teristics include changes in creatine and creatinine concentrations in body fluids. GAMT and AGAT deficiency are treatable by oral creatine supplementation, while patients with CRTR deficiency do not respond to this type of treatment. The creatine deficiency syndromes are underdiagnosed, so their possibility should be considered in all children affected by unexplained mental retardation, seizures and speech delay.
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency is a rare defect of the first step of the pyrimidine catabolic pathway. Patients with a complete enzyme deficiency may be clinically asymptomatic or suffer from neurological abnormalities of various severity. We report a case of an 8-year-old girl with psychomotor retardation and mild course of the disease. Analysis of urine showed strongly elevated levels of uracil and thymine, and no DPD activity could be detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Sequence analysis of the DPD gene (DPYD) revealed that our patient was homozygous for the common splice-site mutation IVS14+1G >A, which suggest that the carrier status for this mutation may be not rare in the Polish population.
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