Opakowania aktywne i inteligentne stanowią dużą grupę opakowań, które poddawane są ciągłym innowacjom. Opakowania aktywne mają za zadanie zmieniać warunki w opakowaniu tak, aby produkt był dłużej zdatny do spożycia lub miał lepsze właściwości sensoryczne. Natomiast opakowania inteligentne pozwalają na monitorowanie stanu zapakowanego wyrobu i tym samym na ocenę jego jakości podczas transportu i magazynowania. Należą do nich m.in. integratory czasu i temperatury (TTI), które stanowią grupę wskaźników umieszczanych na zewnątrz opakowania. Nie mają one bezpośredniego kontaktu z zapakowanym produktem, a jedynie monitorują warunki, w jakich jest on przechowywany.
The aim of the presented mini-review is to review the literature data referring to opportunistic mycoses in pet dogs and cats suffering from other concurrent diseases, comparable to human medical disorders with high risk of secondary mycoses. This review also presents the preliminary results of a project aimed at understanding the fungal colonization and occurrence of secondary mycoses in pets suffering from metabolic disorders, neoplasms and viral infections. The incidence of opportunistic mycoses is higher in such individuals, mostly because of their impaired immunity. The main risk factors are primary and secondary types of immunodeficiency connected with anti-cancer treatment or neoplastic disease itself. Moreover, literature data and the results of our investigations show that Candida yeasts are prevalent among diabetic animals and indicate that these fungi are the main etiological agents of secondary infections of the oral cavity, GI and urogenital tracts. Other important conditions possibly favoring the development of mycoses are concurrent infections of cats with FeLV and FIV viruses. Thus, in all cases of the mentioned underlying diseases, animals should be carefully monitored by repeated mycological examination, together with inspection of other parameters. Also, the prophylaxis of opportunistic mycoses should be carefully considered alike other factors influencing the prognosis and the outcome of primary diseases.
The aim of the study was to obtain genotypic differentiation of fungi isolated from milk samples of dairy cows showing clinical signs of mastitis. Twenty strains of fungi were isolated from milk samples and identified as Candida, and then classified into seven different species by API Candida and API ID 32C tests (bioMerieux). Next, the genomic DNA was isolated from each fungal strain and amplified with ITS1 and NL2 primers. Amplification products were digested with HpaII and EcoRI restriction enzymes, while the restriction profiles were resolved in VersaDoc imaging apparatus with the assistance of Quantity One software. PCR with ITS1 and NL2 primers produced DNA fragments of various lengths, raging from 700 to 1000 bp. Their molecular weight was dependent on the fungal species from which DNA was isolated. Comparison of restriction fragment length confirmed differences between species; however, strains similarly classified based on phenotypic characteristics also revealed differences in the restriction fragment profile. For none of the investigated species was a characteristic, uniform genetic profile obtained. Results of the presented study revealed that the examined species did not give a uniform genetic profile, suggesting that Candida strains phenotypically belonging to the same species may have varied genotypes in the analyzed restrictive places.
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