Dementia is a global public health concern due to increasing prevalence, high morbidity, and rising socioeconomic burden. Modifying dietary behaviour could be a promising way to enhance cognition and delay or prevent dementia in later life. Several dietary factors influence dementia risk in humans, for example, vitamin E, B vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids and healthy dietary patterns, particularly the Mediterranean Diet, have been shown to be neuroprotective, while high intake of saturated fat accelerates cognitive decline. It is not entirely clear how diet offers neuroprotection, but several putative mechanisms include beneficial effects on neuronal cell signalling, vascular, anti-oxidant and anti‑inflammatory biological pathways. Given that the pathophysiological changes of dementia accumulate years before cognitive impairment becomes evident, understanding the influence of diet on brain health across the life-course is important to inform prevention strategies. Further research is needed to investigate diet-associated neurological change from the earliest through to latest stages of cognitive decline. Furthermore, intervention strategies require insight into mechanisms involved in diet-induced cognitive change and an understanding of how to support dietary behaviour change, particularly in high risk populations.
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