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Rehmannia glutinosa hairy roots were used to evaluate the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJa) and salicylic acid (SA) on increase of root biomass and production of iridoids (catalpol, harpagide) and phenylethanoids (verbascoside and isoverbascoside). The elicitors were added to 23-day-old culture separately at concentrations between 50 and 200 μM or in combinations at concentrations of 50 and 100 μM. Roots were harvested 72 h and 120 h after elicitation. The type of elicitor, its concentration and exposure time were found to strongly affect the content of each analyzed compound. A 72-hour treatment with 200 μM MeJa was the most effective in increase of verbascoside content (60.07 mg·DWˉ¹ equivalent to 845.45 mg·Lˉ¹) and isoverbascoside (1.77 mg·DWˉ¹ equivalent to 24.94 mg·Lˉ¹): these respective amounts were roughly 10- and 6.4-fold higher than the control values (unelicited roots). Exposure to 150 μM MeJa provided optimal harpagide content after 72 hours (0.136 mg·DWˉ¹; 7.5-fold increase compared to the control), and catalpol content after 120 hours (up to 2.145 mg·DWˉ¹). The combination of MeJa and SA also resulted in higher levels of secondary metabolites compared to the control culture, although these levels were lower than those observed for MeJa alone at the optimal concentration and exposure time. SA alone was less efficient in enhancing metabolite production than MeJa.
An efficient in vitro plant propagation procedure was established from the shoot tips of Rehmannia elata. Shoot proliferation was performed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar medium containing 0.57 μM of indole-3- acetic acid (IAA) and different concentrations (2–8 μM) of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin, or 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP). The highest multiplication rate (nine shoots and buds per explant after 4 weeks) was achieved on MS medium with IAA and 2iP (6 μM). All shoots developed an average of 7.92 roots of 29.6 mm length after 4 weeks of culture on MS medium with half the macro- and micronutrient content (1/2 MS) with 0.57 μM of indole-3-butyric acid. The plantlets were successfully transferred into a greenhouse and then the plants were grown in a field. The iridoid and phenylethanoid contents in multiple shoots as well as shoots and roots of 4-month-old field-grown plants of R. elata derived in vitro (from shoot tips) or from seeds were determined using UHPLC. Quantitative differences in production of secondary metabolites were found depending on the type of analyzed plant material. Harpagide, verbascoside, and isoverbascoside were identified in shoot culture, whereas additionally catalpol was detected in the shoots and roots of intact plants. The highest yield of harpagide was revealed in multiple shoots in the presence of 2iP (4 μM). Higher levels of catalpol, verbascoside, and isoverbascoside were found in in vitro derived plants than in seed-raised plants. The obtained shoot cultures as well as regenerated R. elata plants may be an efficient source of biologically active iridoid (catalpol, harpagide) and phenylethanoid (verbascoside, isoverbascoside) glycosides.
The flavonoid (baicalin, wogonoside, luteolin, luteolin-7-glucoside) and verbascoside contents of Scutellaria altissima in both shoot cultures, and the shoots and roots of micropropagated plants grown in the greenhouse for 12 weeks or in the field for 2 years were determined. The level of secondary metabolites was found to be strongly affected by the age and type of plant organ. A comparative analysis of S. altissima plants propagated in vitro and from seeds revealed no differences in the level of secondary metabolites when plants of the same age were studied. The antioxidant potential of methanolic extracts from shoot cultures, and the shoots and roots of S. altissima plants propagated in vitro, were evaluated using ABTS radical scavenging, FRAP metal reduction power and the lipid peroxidation test, in relation to the content of baicalin, wogonoside, verbascoside, total phenolic and total flavonoid compounds. Extracts from the roots of field-grown regenerated plants at the flowering stage were found to possess the strongest antioxidant activity. Correlation analysis revealed that the antioxidant activity of extracts correlated most closely with their total phenolic content estimated by the Folin-Ciocalteu method.
Suspension culture was established from the roots of Salvia sclarea L. The maximum suspension cell growth was 14.3 g/flasl< (fresh mass) and 0.9 g/flasl< (dry mass), on the 18"' and 15"' day after inoculation, respectively. The isolation and characterisation of abietane type diterpenoids and phenolics, including flavones and rosmarinic acid from the cell culture was reported. A GC-MS analysis also showed the presence of pentacyclic triterpenoids and sterols in in vitro cultured cells of S. sclarea.
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