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The aim of these studies was to assess the impact of genetic horizons of podzolic soil and eutric cambisol on the yield and chemical composition of ryegrass. In plants the same components were quantified as in soil in an exchangeable form. What was additionally quantified in plants was the total nitrogen and the content of organic acids, as they make it possible to determine the ionic balance.
Taking advantage of the long term field stationary experiments in Skierniewice started at 1922 based on fixed mono-fertilization, the mobility of the exchangeable cations Ca, Mg, K, Na was studied for the whole soil profile up at a depth of 100 cm. Mobility was studied using an electrodialysis method to remove and determine cations in the cathode solutions. Calcium proved to be most mobile element and sodium the least mobile and the mobility ranking of exchangeable cations in the soil under investigation is as: Ca > K > Mg > Na. The genetic horizons of the soils showed differentiated mobility for individual cations. Cations in the surface horizons (up to 50 cm) are more mobile than in the deeper horizons with trace amounts of humus.
The studies were conducted in 28 years' old apple orchard in Łyczyn, situated on the lessives soil developed from light boulder clay. The influence of liming and nitrogen fertilization on applied the strips of fallow and grass, pH of the soil, content of organic carbon, carbon of humic acids and fulvic acids and carbon of humins was examined. Three levels of nitrogen fertilization were used: 40,140 and 240 kg N/ha, while the nonfertilized fields was the control. The soil samples for the studies were taken with use of Egner rod of 0-20 cm layer. The effect of the studied agrotechnical factors was different in the strips of grass and fallow land. Nitrogen fertilization and liming of the fallow land had influenced the content of carbon and also carbon of humins. In the case of the grassland, nitrogen fertilization and liming was favourable for accumulation of humic acids. The increasing doses of nitrogen fertilization caused the drop in pH of the soil, being especially high on the non-limed fallow land. The content of carbon of fulvic acids was affected mainly by the method of cultivation and nitrogen fertilization. In the soil under the fallow land, the content of carbon of fulvic acids was, in average, higher by 22.5%, as compared to that one under the grass.
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