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A concept of competition hierarchy among ant species is presented. The hierarchy consists of three main levels, and the species are arranged in the hierarchy on the basis of social organization (mainly forager densities and recruitment efficiencies) of colonies. The concept allows testable predictions on probable and improbable species pairs in local ant species assemblages. Structure of competition hierarchy and positions of a number of North European species in it is reviewed. A schematisized map on minimal distances among nests of species belonging to various levels of the hierarchy is presented. A case study on relations among highest-level, territorial species, is described.
The paper presents results of observations and experiments on the interspecific (mainly with Formica exsecta Nyl. and F. fusca L.) and intraspecific competitive behaviour in Camponotus ligniperdus (Latr.). The status of this species in the hierarchical system within ant communities is discussed. The investigations were carried out in the Tvärminne Archipelago (southern Finland) in 1981 and 1983 and in the Gorce Mts. (the Western Carpathians; southern Poland) in 1985.
Pheromones of C. herculeanus and C. ligniperdus show significant qualitative differences, which evidence their specific separateness. C. herculeanus and C. ligniperdus are closely related allopatric species. On the limits of their distributional areas, in the places where they meet, the species are environmentally and phenologically isolated. In the mountains isolated, relict populations of C. herculeanus occur within distributional limits of C. ligniperdus. They show wide ecological tolerance and on the limits of their areas both species inhabit the same habitats. Also morphological differences between them partially evanesce (var. herculeano-ligniperda For.).
The paper presents the species compositions, nest densities, structure and ecological profiles of ant communities in four age stages (from plantation to mature stand) of moist pine forests (associations Peucedano-Pinetumand Leucobryo-Pinetum of the alliance Dicrano-Pinion). The studies were conducted from 1986 to 1989 in three large forest complexes in Poland: Puszcza Białowieska, Puszcza Biała and Bory Tucholskie. An analysis of the original material is preceded by a review of literature data.
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