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The aim of the study was the evaluation of morphology and immunophenotype of canine (19 cases) and feline (7 cases) extramedullary plasmacytomas. Tumours, located in skin, oral cavity and spleen were surgically excised, fixed and processed for histopathology and immunohistochemistry (CD79α, CD18, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, metallothionein). Histologically, tumours were classified into mature, cleaved, asynchronous, polymorphous blastic, hyalin, or monomorphous blastic type. All evaluated tumours showed cytoplasmic expression of CD79α antigen. The expression of CD18 was observed in canine cutaneous and splenic tumours. In canine tumours expression of metallothionein was low to moderate, while in feline plasmacytomas – absent or low. In canine tumours, the mitotic index and proliferating cell nuclear antigen index were positively correlated with the expression of metallothionein. In feline tumours no correlation between mitotic index, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and metallothionein was found. This is the first study describing expression of metallothionein in canine and feline extramedullary plasmacytoma.
This study presents a case of an unusually located canine T-cell lymphoma. A 5-year-old female dachshund was presented with a tumour located in the buccal mucosa. The tumour was excised, fixed, processed routinely for histopathology and stained. Microscopically, a dense infiltration of round cells with scant cytoplasm, large nuclei and numerous mitotic figures was detected within the mucosa. The tumour was diagnosed as a roundcell tumour. Subsequently, additional tumours developed in the mandibular and hock joint areas. The primary tumour was stained immunohistochemically using an antibody panel (CD3, MHCII, mast cell tryptase, CD18, CD79a). The tumour cells showed variable cytoplasmic expression of CD3, moderate-to-strong cytoplasmic or membranous expression of MHCII, and they were mast cell tryptase, CD18 and CD79a negative. The final diagnosis was T-cell lymphoma. The dog passed away within the next two months. This study revealed, that immunohistochemistry is necessary to diagnose canine oral cavity round cell tumours.
Malignant pheochromocytoma is an uncommon neoplasm in dogs. This study evaluated the histopathological and immunohistochemical profile of malignant pheochromocytoma. The report presents a case of bilateral adrenal gland tumor in a 6-year-old female golden retriever, diagnosed during necropsy. The necropsy also showed changes in other organs, i.e. heart (left ventricular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, right ventricular dilated cardiomyopathy and infarction foci), lungs (multifocal alveolar emphysema and atelectasis). Metastases were not present. A histological examination showed that neoplastic cells were round, oval, polygonal and spindle with a high degree of anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. The nuclei were small, round, oval and some were divided. The nucleoli were faintly visible, and numbered from 2 to 3. The number of mitotic figures per 400 high power fields ranged from 0 to 2. Immunohistochemical staining using an antibody panel revealed that the tumor cells were strongly positive for chromogranin A, S100 protein and neuron specific enolase, but were negative for Ki67. PCNA expression was observed in some neoplastic cells, especially in those located close to the connective tissue stroma. Malignant pheochromocytoma was diagnosed on the basis of a immunohistochemical examination and tumor morphology.
The purpose of this study was to examine the safety of the long-term application of QuikClot Combat Gauze, ChitoGauze PRO and Celox Gauze using a swine model. The study was conducted on nine pigs weighing approximately 30 kg, which were randomly divided into three groups. Under deep anesthesia, the pigs underwent complete transverse cutting of the femoral artery in the groin region. Hemostatic dressings were left in the wound for 24 hours. The animals were euthanized 24 hours after dressing application. In each group, macroscopic and microscopic severe changes and shock symptoms were observed in the lungs, liver, kidneys and heart. Fibrino-gaseous embolic material was found in the pulmonary artery of each group and in the lung vessels of the animals from the ChitoGauze PRO and Celox Gauze groups. In conclusion, the long-term application of the evaluated hemostatic dressings has the risk of coagulopathy and reaching the progressive stage of shock. The residues from the hemostatic dressings can ingress into the systemic circulation, thereby increasing the risk of embolus formation. Because of these harmful effects, the evaluated hemostatic dressings are not appropriate for long-term use. Future studies are needed on the consequences of the long-term application of these hemostatic agents.
An 8-year-old crossbred dog died suddenly with signs of shock. Necropsy revealed a cardiac tamponade caused by a perforating tumor in the right atrium. A similar tumor was found in the abdominal cavity. The histopathological and immunohistochemical examination showed that both tumors were composed of welldifferentiated pseudo-vascular structures, with endothelial cells that were positive for vimentin and von Willebrand factor, pericytes that were positive for vimentin and smooth muscle actin, and various amounts of collagen and reticulin fibers. The mitotic activity of tumor cells was low to moderate. Both tumors were consistent with Kaposi’s sarcoma that occurs in humans. On the basis of the histological features and immunohistochemical examination findings, both tumors were classified as Kaposi-like vascular tumors. This is the first report of a Kaposi-like vascular tumor with a unique, multicentric location and a fatal outcome in a dog.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-energy laser irradiation, coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E supplementation on the apoptosis of macrophages and muscle precursor cells during skeletal muscle regeneration after bupivacaine-induced injury. The experiment was conducted on 75 gilts, divided into 5 experimental groups: I – control, II – low-energy laser irradiation, III – coenzyme Q10, IV – coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E, V – vitamin E. Muscle necrosis was induced by injection of 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride. The animals were euthanized on subsequent days after injury. Samples were formalin fixed and processed routinely for histopathology. Apoptosis was detected using the TUNEL method. The obtained results indicate that low-energy laser irradiation has a beneficial effect on macrophages and muscle precursor cell activity during muscle post-injury regeneration and protects these cells against apoptosis. Vitamin E has a slightly lower protective effect, limited mainly to the macrophages. Coenzyme Q10 co-supplemented with vitamin E increases the activity of macrophages and muscle precursor cells, myotube and young muscle formation. Importantly, muscle precursor cells seem to be more sensitive to apoptosis than macrophages in the environment of regenerating damaged muscle.
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