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The subject of this article is to analyse the legal situation of forest associations in the Polish legal system, based on historical and contemporary legal regulations. The study presents the relationship of forest associations with non-state forestry and their role in improving the spatial structure of non-state forest land in Poland. The progressive, social and legal as well as economic and legal changes, generating increasing role of the forest associations in the development of new organizational forms in forestry were also indicated. The article widely presents de lege ferenda comments to improve the situation of forest associations in the Polish legal system. In the context of forest associations, the need for political and material changes in the Polish legal system were also indicated.
The provisions of the Act on the Protection of Agricultural and Forest Land of 3 February 1995 (consolidated text Dz. U. [Journal of Laws] of 2015, item 909 as amended), governing the principles for protecting agricultural land, are subject to frequent changes, especially in the terms of changing the use of agricultural land. In those matters, there is a continuous conflict of interest, fueled by spatial conflicts arising from a desire to satisfy different, often contradictory, values. Thus, allocating top class agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes requires high prudence on the part of public administration. It is also important that the most appropriate moment to protect the best agricultural land against developing with buildings the initial step in the process of spatial planning, which is obtaining the consent of the minister responsible for rural development to the reassignment of the best land (classes I-III) for non-agricultural purposes, after obtaining the opinion on the request from the marshal of the province. This pattern, however, suffers some limitations related to the introduction to the legal system construction of the so-called "envelope" which, in certain cases, excludes the need to obtain the consent of the minister responsible for rural development to the reassignment of land for non-agricultural purposes. Those issues give rise to a number of questions regarding interpretation that have been discussed in this article.
The values relating to the protection of agricultural and forest land are included in the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, the Act on Protection of Agricultural and Forest Land, the Act on Forests, but also in other material regulations. Each of the values located in individual legal provisions, considered separately, is very important for the functioning of a democratic state of law. However, sometimes the simultaneous realization of these values is impossible and causes a conflict of values, also known as the so-called axiological antinomy. This chapter will present situations concerning the emergence of the indicated axiological antinomies in the context of the implementation of protection of agricultural and forest land, as well as solutions adopted on this background, supported by the direction of judicature and legal doctrine.
The article is concerned with legal and practical conditions of assigning areas for greenery development in local plans of spatial management. Correct formulation of local plan arrangements is a precondition of its conformity with the law and as a consequence of its participation in legal transactions. The regulations allow introducing various arrangements; however these arrangements have to conform to the model of correct legislation and acceptable borders of the planning authority in the commune.
Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa (IBL) w Sękocinie Starym pod Warszawą realizuje od 2019 roku projekt pod tytułem „Lasy prywatne - szanse, problemy, rozwiązania". Uzyskał on rekomendację Ministra Środowiska i dofinansowanie Narodowego Funduszu Ochrony Środowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej. Celem projektu jest rozpropagowanie potrzeby zmian organizacyjnych, prawnych i finansowych związanych z gospodarowaniem lasami na gruntach prywatnych. W artykule opisano aktualny stan lasów prywatnych w Polsce, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem problemów zalesień i zrzeszania się właścicieli lasów.
Japan is a forest rich country. Forests cover 67% of the land area. Because of the steep topography, forests on the slopes are very important for landslide protection and soil erosion control as well as water holding function. Therefore, the Japanese people have been making great efforts to sustain the forest and natural vegetation. At the same time, places suitable for residential and arable land are limited, and agricultural areas cover only 12% of the land. Conservation of agricultural and forest land has been one of the most important policy issues in the history of this country. The authors describe the features of land use and historical development of several legislations related to the conservation of agricultural and forest land in Japan.
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