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The research has aimed to determine the impact of fire on pools of soil organic matter and water retention in pyrogenic soil in meadow and forest areas. The following soil samples have been represented: moorsh, peat-moorsh, mineral moorsh and peat. The soil horizons represented: strongly dried peat-moorsh soil, medium-deep (MtIIc1 and MtIIIc1), mineral moorsh soil (Me11) and moorsh soil. Soil horizons have been determined on the basis of colour, decomposition of organic samples; bulk density and water retention have been analyzed in 100 cm³ stainless Kopecky metal rings. Bulk density was measured in undisturbed samples by the volumetric method. Soil water retention characterized by pF2.0 has been measured using sandbox analyzer. Soil organic carbon content was detected with Bushi analyzer. The lowest carbon content has been indicated by horizons with high ash content. As a consequence of various fire temperatures, we can observe different soil colour spectrum between N, 10YR and 5YR. Generally, the pools of water retention decreases because of the fire. We can observe differences between SOM pools and water retention pools in the meadow and forest soil. Water retention of pyrogenic soils drastically decreases in mineral-organic soils with angular sharply edged structure and peaty-ash or ash horizons.
High concentration of heavy metals in organic soils may be the result of intensive, deep-seated fires causing high temperatures. This research has been carried in four postfire areas, located in forests or on meadows in Lower Silesia. The aim has been to determine the impact of some parameters on the content of heavy metals in soils under postfire meadows and forests. The concentration and pool of the analyzed heavy metals were determined in soils against the background of such parameters as the depth in a horizon, organic matter content, soil colour and soil reaction. Twenty Histosol soil profiles (85 soil samples) were analyzed, representing peat-muck, muck (MtIIc1, MtIIIc1) and mineral-mucky (Me11) and on-muck soils (according to the Polish taxonomy of soils). The soils were strongly desiccated. Some physicochemical and chemical properties of pyrogenic soils were analyzed in dry samples collected into plastic bags with an Instorfu auger. Heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr) were determined in HCl + HNO3. Pools of heavy metals were recalculated into g m–2 in 0-20 cm layers of soils and compared among forest and meadow soils. Due to intensive fires, the reaction of pyrogenic soils was slightly acid, neutral or alkaline. As a consequence of the high temperatures, a broad spectrum of soil colours was noticed. The results showed increased concentrations of heavy metals in the topmost and muddy soil horizons. The alkaline soil reaction favoured accumulation of heavy metals. Pools of heavy metals in soils were significantly lower in forest than in meadow areas, which could be attributed to different time periods which elapsed since the fires. The Hue tint of the colour of soil horizons containing ashes indicated the presence of oxidized iron forms and a low content of organic carbon. The accumulation of heavy metals in post-fire sites in Lower Silesia was negatively correlated with the soil’s strongly acid reaction. The determined concentrations of heavy metals did not exceed the threshold values set for unpolluted soils
The phenomena of colloid coagulation and peptization have a significant role in the circulation of elements in the surface layer of lithosphere, and in particular in the soil environment. Thanks to their structural properties, the mineral, mineral-organic and organic colloids that occur in colloidal systems largely influence the entire processes leading to erosion. The majority of issues related to the intensification of migration soil colloids and ions in the lithosphere are related to their electrokinetic properties. An attempt has been made in this paper to determine the dispersion state of soil colloidal systems exposed to water erosion by measuring the difference of electrical potentials generated in the gravimetric sedimentation process of colloidal particles. Preliminary results make it plausible to claim that, depending on the quantity and quality of ions in soil solutions and on the qualitative and quantitative composition of colloids, the potential difference determined using measurement electrodes is proportional to the electrokinetic potential of the particles. Such measurements can be carried out in the field. The suggested method is based on recording the difference in potentials with a conjugated measurement electrode, which enables determination of the state of soil colloidal dispersion in the biochemical processes, which occur in the surface layers of the lithosphere.
Texture is one of the most significant physical properties of soils. Over the years, several methods of its measuring were developed. The paper presents a method for determining the particle size composition of soils, based on the separation of particles in the sedimentation process. Density of suspension is determined on the basis of apparent weight changes of a float submerged in it. The weight of the float suspended ona thin line, at a given depth in the suspension, is measured with a sensitive piezoelectric dynamometer. The Stokes equation is used to calculate the content of soil fractions with equivalent diameters in the range of 0.001 to 0.1 mm. Digital transmission of results from the dynamometer, the temperature sensor and measurements of the distance defining the depth of immersion of the float to the computer enable calculations of particle size composition to be performed automatically. This paper presents the results of measurements of the particle size composition of artificially generated mixtures of ‘silt’ and ‘clay’. The results are compared with results obtained with other methods (including the laser method). A high level of repeatability of the results and satisfactory compatibility in relation to the reference pipette method are noted.
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