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Morphological diagnosis in veterinary medicine has traditionally relied mostly on routine stains, such as hematoxylin and eosin or other histochemical stains (e.g. PAS, van Giesson). However, the level of specialization in veterinary practice demands more accurate diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been established as a solid and reliable methodology for both routine diagnostics and research activities in veterinary medicine. This technique has been used for diagnosing tumor types and infectious agents, as well as for the detection of immune complex deposition. The use of IHC, particularly for the classification of tumors and hematopoietic neoplasms and for the identification of infectious agents, has revolutionized histopathology. The major areas of utilising IHC in veterinary oncological pathology are the analysis of the intermediate filament characteristics of cells, proliferation markers, phenotyping of lymphoid populations. This technique is now being used to learn more about the behavior, prognosis and response to therapy of tumors in animals. The fundamental concept behind IHC is the demonstration of antigens within the tissue section by means of specific mono- or polyclonal antibodies. Although conceptually simple, the IHC methodology has become more complex as stringent goals of sensitivity and specificity are established. The major constraint on the use of this technique in veterinary pathology has been the lack of available specific antibodies. To overcome this drawback, antibodies which present cross reactivity with human and animal agents have been applied. The article briefly reviews the technical aspects of IHC and its application in veterinary medicine.
Histiocytic sarcoma is a malignant neoplastic proliferation of atypical histiocytes with tendency to spread, characterized by fast progression to disseminated form - disseminated histiocytic sarcoma. Cytopathology is a low, invasive, cheap, and quick method of diagnosis commonly used in veterinary oncology. The aim of the presented study was description of cases of visceral histiocytic sarcomas in dogs diagnosed by cytopathology and immunocytochemistry. The study was conducted on 5 dogs which were brought to the veterinary clinic because of unspecific clinical signs and tumoral masses recognized in the thoracic or abdominal cavity. Samples of cells were collected during ultrasonography- assisted fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), smears were stained with Giemsa method and immunocytochemistry (CD3, CD79α, cytokeratin, vimentin, desmin) was also performed in all patients. Four of five dogs were Bernese mountain dogs, nonspecific clinical signs of systemic disease were present in all cases. Visceral mass or masses were detected by ultrasonography or radiography. Final diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma was obtained on the basis of routine cytopathological examination and confirmed by immunocytochemistry. On the basis the results obtained it can be stated that in cases of typical clinical and cytopathologic pictures, examination of cellular samples collected during ultrasonography-assisted fine-needle biopsy supported by some immunocytopathological characteristics seems to be sufficient method of diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma in dogs. Visceral histiocytic sarcoma should be included into differential diagnosis in every Bernese mountain dog with nonspecific clinical signs, ambiguous results of hematologic examination and when tumoral mass or masses within a body cavity were detected in imaging techniques.
In the presented study, an evaluation of influence of different Helicobacter species and gastritis on intensity of cellular proliferation in pyloric glands of pigs' stomach was performed. Samples of gastric antral mucosa obtained from 38 slaughtered pigs with known Helicobacter sp. and gastric inflammation statuses were stained with haematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemically, for Ki67 antigen expression. Proliferative activity of epithelial cells was assessed by determination of: a ratio of proliferative zone length to gastric crypts length, an average percentage of cells showing Ki67 expression in proliferative zones of antral glands, and value of mitotic index in glands' proliferative zones. None of the comparisons revealed statistically significant differences between animal groups with or without gastric inflammation, as well as between groups with or without Helicobacter colonisation. Additionally, no statistically significant differences were found between the group of animals that were infected with Candidatus Helicobacter suis, and that with the stomach colonised by different species of Helicobacter microorganisms.
A 25-year-old male African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus erithacus) with a non healing wound on the plantar surface of the right tarsometatarsus has been presented. Initial treatment with enrofloxacin and wound management was unsuccessful. Bacteriology was negative. Histopathological examination of collected samples indicated squamous cell carcinoma. Therapy was started with electrosurgery of the damaged tissue. Adjacent tissues were injected with carboplatin/sesame oil emulsion. Intravenous chemotherapy with carboplatin (5 mg/kg b.w.) was administered after 2 and then 3 weeks. Since carcinoma was diagnosed, Cats claw extract (Uncaria tomentosa) has been also administered. Despite of problems with severe inflammation for the first few weeks after surgery and necrosis of one toe, damages have been completely healed, and the patient’s mental and body conditions were significantly improved.
The aim of this study was to compare the concordance of immunophenotype established with routine cytopathology (slides stained with Giemsa solution) and immunocytochemistry according to CD3 and CD79 alpha immunoreactivity. The study was performed on cytological samples of 70 canine lymphomas subtyped on the basis of the updated Kiel classification system. Additionally, cytologic samples were examined immunocytochemically for the CD3 and CD79 alpha antigens presence and thus immunophenotype of neoplastic growth was confirmed. The cytopathological and immunocytochemical diagnoses were then compared; in order to measure the concordance between immunocytochemistry (IC) result and Giemsa stain result of the same sample the Cohen's kappa coefficient was calculated. On the basis of the results of immunocytochemistry of 70 cases of canine lymphoma examined 42 were recognized as B cell lymphoma and 28 as T cell lymphoma. Full accordance between the results of routine cytopathology and IC was obtained in 63 out of 70 examined dogs (90% of cases). It can be concluded that cytopathological examination of Giemsa stained smears is helpful in determining the lymphoma cells immunophenotype. Additionally, it seems that combination of routine cytopathology and immunocytochemistry in cases of canine lymphomas allows to obtain the precise diagnosis in 90% of cases, and allows to receive most important information that is necessary for planning of appropriate therapy and to determine prognosis. Finally, this routine procedure allowed to eliminate the need of collection of tissue samples during surgery or core-biopsy and thus time, cost and patient discomfort related to more complex and invasive medical procedures can be easily reduced.
Medycyna Weterynaryjna
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2010
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tom 66
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nr 11
s.745-750,fot.,rys.,bibliogr.
The aim of this article is to summarize current data on the role of growth factors in the development of mammary tumors and their receptor expression as tumor markers. Particular attention is paid to IGF-I and IGF-IR in canine mammary tumors. The growth of a canine and human mammary cancer is regulated not only by sex steroid hormones but also by growth factors (GFs). Growth factors control such critical processes as the growth of the cell, differentiation, angiogenesis and apoptosis in a normal mammary gland. In malignancies these signaling pathways are often exploited to stimulate tumor growth and metastasis. In recent years there has been an increased understanding of aberrations in the insulin-like growth factor-I and its receptor (IGF-I, IGF-IR) responsible for or accompanying human and canine mammary carcinogenesis. IGF-IR demonstrates a tyrosine kinase activity and closely resembles the insulin receptor (IR) in structural as well as in signaling cascades. The binding of the ligands IGF-I or IGF-II to IGF-IR causes the phosphorylation of the IGF-IR tyrosine kinase rest located in the cytoplasmic portion of the β-subunit, then the Ras/ MAPK and PI-3K/Akt pathways associated with cell differentiation are activated and apoptosis is inhibited. IGF-IR is overexpressed in mammary tumor cells and has been implicated in tumor aggressiveness. IGF-IR expression contributes to cancer cell migration as well as cell-cell adhesion. The assessment of IGF-IR expression seems to be a significant indicator of prognosis. There are only a few studies on the role of IGF-I/IGF-IR in canine mammary neoplasms. Interestingly, the cross-talk between estrogens/ERα and IGF-I/IGF-IR has been demonstrated in breast cancer. Most in vitro studies demonstrate that estrogens and IGF-I have a synergistic effect on the proliferation of breast cancer cells. In the case of canine mammary tumors this potential relationship has not been thoroughly investigated, but it has been hypothesized that such a mechanism of cross-talk between sex hormones and the IGF-I pathway might promote carcinogenesis in an autocrine/paracrine manner. A further understanding of this mechanism could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies in canine and human mammary neoplasms.
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