Conservation of genetic resources ex-situ has, up to now, been the most popular method of protection of old varieties and local landraces collections. In the case of apple and other orchard species of temperate climatic zone a cryopreservation of dormant winter buds might be an alternative method of genetic resources conservation. It is a simple and low-cost method. Viability and regeneration ability of buds after freezing in liquid nitrogen depends on the cultivar frost resistance, low freezing rate and storage in LN₂ vapour phase. Physiological state of buds, strongly affected by environmental factors, mainly temeperature, is also important for the maintenance of a high viability after dehydration and freezing. A few day period of constant negative temperature is essential for a high regeneration rate after freezing. A substantial intervarietal variability has been observed. In the case of LN₂-tender cultivars pretreatment with cryoprotectants might be helpful for maintenance of buds viability after freezing.
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