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High temporal and spatial resolution of radar measurements enables to continuously observe dynamically evolving meteorological phenomena. Three-dimensional (3D) weather radar reflectivity data assimilated into the numerical weather prediction model has the potential to improve initial description of the atmospheric model state. The paper is concentrated on the development of radar reflectivity assimilation technique into COAMPS mesoscale model using an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) type assimilation schemes available in Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) programming environment. Before weather radar data enter into the assimilation system, the measurement errors are eliminated through quality control procedures. At first artifacts associated with non-meteorological errors are removed using the algorithms based on analysis of reflectivity field pattern. Then procedures for correction of the reflectivity data are employed, especially due to radar beam blockage and attenuation in rain. Each of the correction algorithms is connected with generation of the data quality characteristic expressed quantitatively by so called quality index (QI). In order to avoid transformation of data uncertainty into assimilation scheme only the radar gates successfully verified by means of the quality algorithms were employed in the assimilation. The proposed methodology has been applied to simulate selected intense precipitation events in Poland in May and August 2010.
The MeteoGIS system developed at the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management – National Research Institute in Poland is a GIS-based system for real-time monitoring of weather and the generation of meteorological warnings. Apart from its monitoring features, it can also provide more advanced analysis, including SQL (Structured Query Language) queries and statistical analyses. Input data are provided mainly by the INCA-PL 2 nowcasting model which employs forecasts from the high-resolution AROME numerical weather prediction model and measurement data from the Polish weather radar network POLRAD and surface meteorological stations. As well as this, data from the PERUN lighting detection system are used. Ingestion of such data allows for the mitigation of risk from potentially hazardous weather phenomena such as extreme temperatures, strong wind, thunderstorms, heavy rain and subsequent impending floods. The following meteorological parameters at ground level are visualised in the MeteoGIS: (i) precipitation (accumulation and type), (ii) temperature, (iii) wind (speed and direction), (iv) lightning (locations and type). End users of the system are workers from civil protection services who are interested in shortterm warnings against severe weather events, especially area-oriented ones (related to districts, catchments, etc.). The reliability of visualised data is a very important issue, and from the MeteoGIS user’s point of view the improvement in data quality is a continuous process.
Modern physical therapy employs a wide range of methods, e.g. manual therapy, physical therapy, massage, physiotherapy, which are also successfully used in dental specialization. The main purpose of application of these methods is elimination of pain and increased muscle tone. The aim of the study was to examine the effectiveness of manual therapy in elimination of pain and increased muscle tone in patients with disorders of the stomatognathic system (SS). The study was conducted in a group of 26 women who reported SS pain and muscular rigidity in the face. Patients were diagnosed using various manual and instrumental techniques. Ten procedures of manual therapy of the masseter muscle were carried out. A VAS pain assessment was carried out after each treatment. After the treatment cycle was completed, electromyography was performed on patients’ masseter muscles, and the range of jaw abduction was assessed. Manual therapy was proven to be an effective method of pain and increased muscle tone treatment in patients with an impairment of the SS. After a series of 10 treatments total pain relief and a decrease in the muscle tone were achieved, leading to an increase in the range of mandible abduction in all 26 female patients under study.
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