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The aim of our study was to examine the efficacy of various disinfectants originally recommended for use in the food industry or medicine, in reducing bacteria Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus. Disinfecting preparations: Pro-Tech, Bakterierent, Bacto Detsan, Mexept, Diesis Forte, Apesin AP 300 were tested taking into account various parameters such as concentration of working solution, environment temperature and duration of treatment. Studies showed, that all tested substances were effective in reducing the growth of bacteria C. michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus in concentrations recommended by the manufacturers (both at 4°C and 20°C), only if duration of procedure was no shorter than 15 minutes. For Mexept, Diesis Forte and Apesin AP 300 shorter disinfection time did not affect the efficacy in reducing the growth of bacteria Cms. Other experiments included the impact of metal surfaces on the effectiveness of selected disinfectants. Bactericidal activity against bacteria C. michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus showed: Bakterierent 2%, Bacto Detsan 1%, Mexept 1%, Apesin AP 300 2%, Pro-Tech 0.5%, Diesis Forte 0.5% (sometimes concentrations active against Cms were higher than those recommended by the manufacturer of the preparation). A prolonged for 15 minutes disinfection procedure was sufficient to obtain a bactericidal effect. As a result of the chosen method of disinfection the type of different treated surfaces such as metal, steel, wood or concrete did not affect significantly the effectiveness of antimicrobial preparations with exception of Mexept and Pro-Tech.
The aim of the performed research was to investigate the occurrence of bacterial diseases of maize in Poland and also a characterization and diagnostics of maize pathogenic bacterial species. Using biological, biochemical, serological and molecular methods a collection of nearly 200 isolates was analyzed. It was found that bacterial isolates belonged to the following genera: Erwinia, Pantoea, Xanthomonas, Xylophilus, Acidovorax, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas i Bacillus. By all used diagnostics methods the presence of 4 isolates of Pantoea ananatis species was confirmed. This species is well known bacterial plant pathogen of maize and many other plants. However, its presence was recorded in Poland for the first time. A bacterial population naturally existing together with plant pathogenic Pantoea ananatis was also characterized.
Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus (Cms) is a quarantine organism, and potato tubers infected with Cms must be utilized. Utilization of large amount of potatoes is problematic, therefore there is a need for appropriate methods of treatment, and one of the methods taken into consideration is composting. The aim of the study was to determine the survival of Cms in conditions similar to the composting process. Research results indicate that the most important factor for the survival of Cms is temperature: the higher, the shorter the survival time of the bacteria. The increase in moisture content is a factor that reduces the survival of bacteria in relation to bacteria grown in the same temperature. In the studied temperatures, the pH of the substrate is a secondary factor for the survival of the bacteria C. michiganensis ssp. Sepedonicus.
In Poland, typical morphological deformations of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus), indicating phytoplasma infection, have been sporadically observed since 2000. In 2009 and 2010, in Wielkopolska Region of Poland, research field surveys were conducted to identify phytoplasmas affecting winter oilseed rape. The diseased plants exhibited symptoms including phyllody of flowers, proliferation of axillary buds, reduction of leaf size and siliques malformations. The phytoplasma presence was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with phytoplasmaspecific primers, sequencing and nucleotide sequence analysis. Phytoplasma infecting oilseed winter rape in Poland was identified as a ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ (Aster yellow group, 16Sr I-B phytoplasma subgroup). Phytoplasmatic DNA was detected in plants with both types of symptoms.
The aim of presented study was the monitoring of the occurence of Cmm in 2006–2010. During the studied period, 97 tomato plants were tested. In 33 cases Cmm was detected. All plants diagnosed positivly showed disease symptoms, which appeared on tomato plants at the fruit setting stage. Characteristic unilateral wilting and necrosis were observed. 2–5 days after bacteria isolation on the NCP-88 medium, typical Cmm convex ,cylindrical colonies from light yellow to a milky yellow were observed. The pathogenicity test on tomato seedlings was additionally performed. Usually seven days after inoculation, typical symptoms of tomato bacterial cancer – unilateral wilting of leaves, appeared. In order to fulfill the Koch postulates, the bacteria were reisolated from artificially inoculated tomato seedlings showing unilateral wilting. Their identity was confirmed by PCR reaction with Cmm specific primers pairs: PSAR/PSA-4 or Cmm4/Cmm5. The presence of reaction products with a length of 270 nt for the first and 614 nt for the second pair of primers confirmed the identification. As a positive control, the Cmm isolate from the collection of the Department of Virology and Bacteriology, The Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute was used.
According to the regulation of the Polish Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development dated on 6 of April 2007 on the specific practices for controlling and preventing the spread of bacteria Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus, tubers or potato plants considered to be contaminated by the pathogen must be utilized. The selection of available disposal methods was limited to placing infested tubers in a secure landfill, burning, and using them for consumption (feeding) or industrial processing. In accordance with changes in legislation dated on 9 of April 2011, more methods of disposal (utilization of tubers by burial in the field where infected potatoes were grown, consumption in catering establishments and raw feeding of animals) are allowed. The aim of our research in recent years was to detect the presence of the bacteria C. michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus (Cms) in the residues from industrial processing of infected tubers. The latest results included testing of wastes from the distillery, where potato tubers infected with Cms were processed. This way of disposal, although it belongs to the traditional methods, that are recommended for utilization of infected with Cms tubers, has been little used so far and phytosanitary safety of this method has not been studied. Disposal of tubers through industrial processing in distillery appears to be safe in terms of phytosanitary measure, but requires monitoring.
The aim of the performed investigation was to evaluate the role of common field weeds as a potential reservoir of maize pathogenic bacteria. The following weed species were used: Echinochloa crus-galli, Elymus repens, Poa annua, Alopecurus myesuroides, Setaria viridis, Digitaria sanguinalis, Lolium perenne, Lolium multiflorum, Apera spica-venti and Avena fatua. The mentioned plants were inoculated with the isolates of maize pathogenic bacteria and cultivated in the greenhouse for six weeks. The reisolation and reidentification of bacteria was performed from weed plants showing the symptoms of bacterial infection. Two weed species showed the symptoms of bacterial infection caused by three bacterial isolates. Obtained results showed that in favorable environmental conditions certain weed species may be infected by maize bacterial species like Pantoea ananatis and Erwinia dissolvens and may be considered as potential reservoir of maize pathogenic bacteria.
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